KARACHI:
A subtle shift has taken place in the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). The central bank no longer believes it can control inflation through interest rates and hence has decided to lower them to help spur economic growth.
This shift in policy has only been hinted at in the monetary policy statements that the SBP issues every two months. But it is backed up by a mountain of research being conducted inside the central bank, which suggests that raising interest rates in an attempt to control inflation rarely works in Pakistan, and that keeping interest rates high disproportionately affects small and medium-sized businesses.
A series of working papers have been put out over the last two years that reflect this change in thought. Contrary to common perception, this change is not motivated – at least at the policy analyst level – by any election-year political pressure on the State Bank. This research is coming out of the economic policy review department, the research department and the monetary policy department.
These three divisions of the State Bank have long been the best-funded economic think tank in the entire country. Over the last couple of years, they appear to have utilised their resources to question whether key assumptions in modern macroeconomics hold in Pakistan. After having conducted massive surveys, crunched the data in a scientifically rigorous manner, the answer they have come up with appears to be in the negative.
In one of the working papers, four State Bank economists challenge a key assumption of modern macroeconomics: that interest rate hikes can control inflation. In order for that to be true, prices in a country need to be “sticky”, which means that businesses should not be able to change prices frequently.
In Pakistan, however, the SBP economists discovered that the “frequency of price change is considerably high in Pakistan, lowering the real impact of monetary policy.” Specifically, they discovered that prices change roughly every two months, on average. This means that the impact of one monetary policy announcement can be completely wiped out by the time the next one rolls around.
On the other hand, another working paper analysed the impact on higher interest rates on businesses and concluded that small and medium-sized companies face a disproportionate share of the burden, hampering their capacity to grow and further solidifying the institutional advantage of being a large business.
Critics of the State Bank say that the real reason it is lowering interest rates is due to pressure from the finance ministry to lower government borrowing costs and interest payments. There may well be some truth to that. But these two working papers, along with several others, provide the SBP with solid economic, non-political cover for lowering interest rates.
There is a third, less appreciated reason for why the State Bank wants to reduce interest rates: it wants to force the banks to stop being lazy and actually lend to businesses instead of just taking in deposits and buying treasury bills. It made this “lazy banking” less feasible first by raising the minimum rate on savings accounts from 5% to 6% to increase the cost of deposits for the banks. Then it began lowering interest rates to squeeze the banks from the lending side by ensuring that they get less money from lending money to the government.
When he first came into office, State Bank Governor Yaseen Anwar said that he wanted a more diversified financial system where businesses have more options for raising capital than simply a bank loan. With the moves over the last few months, it appears that he meant what he said. That doing so also pleases the finance ministry and the presidency probably does not hurt his position either.
Regardless of why this is happening, the banking sector’s response will be interesting to watch. Expect more attention to be paid to fee-based businesses like investment banking, asset management and life insurance. McLeod Road is about to get a little more exciting.
Published in The Express Tribune, September 16th, 2012.
COMMENTS (7)
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Obviously: interest rate adjustment will be ineffective when you have lax overall monetary policy and govt borrowing is out of control- with money supply growing by leaps and bounds!
There are two points i going to make. First, one should understand the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. if the policy rate change does not pass-on to retail rates then change in policy rate is ineffective. In case of Pakistan, retail rates, more or less, move in tandem to policy rate. Here, once can say that monetary policy is effective. Nevertheless, how effective is the monetary policy in controlling price? it depends on the causes of inflation. If inflation is driven mainly due to high demand in the economy then policy rate change can put a dent on it. On the contrary, if it is due to some external shock or supply-side constraints then central bank cannot do anything in catching inflationary pressures. In Pakistan, the latter phenomenon is more prevalent since BOP crisis in 2008 and commodity price shocks. Once should also link inflation with the population growth and domestic structural bottlenecks. The former resulted into high demand in the economy, while the latter disrupt the supply of domestically produced goods.
It is true that high discount rate do not control inflation in this particular scenario of Pakistan economy rather it is counterproductive for economic activity, yet demand of Arif Habib is equally non-sense, for stock market score seldom shows economic growth and economic health. Except IPO's investor money does not go to the kitty of corporation. Hence, money supply should not be for speculators, investors of non-productive sectors and gamblers, its rate should be within 8-9% (an arbitrary figure) . Focus should be on increasing the size of basket of economy and quantity/volume of goods and services which are miserably low. But these reports also show how professional State Bank and other economic wizards are? In fact, PhD in Pakistan is used as licence for job and recognition and skill achieved is not utilized for creative understanding of economy, hence almost nil contribution of economists. At the most degrees produces Sakibs- the poor guys. very unfortunate.
Lao maal. Bring interest rate down to 5% and Arif Bhai will take market upto 20,000.
It is self evident that in poor countries interest rates are not effective against inflation, especially in import dependent countries, but govt borrowing does effect inflation, so making interest rates lower and helping the govt borrow more is definitely counter intuitive.
The other side of the picture
Sticky prices result in non-neutrality of money. If money is not neutral then the central bank can use standard monetary policy that essentially results in a wedge between nominal and real interest rates, and thus induces borrowing or lending (depending on the direction of the wedge). The lack of sticky prices means that standard policy does not work. Thus, if the believe is that no sticky prices mean that lowering interest rates comes without tradeoff's then this is incorrect. In fact, no sticky prices mean the worst of both worlds. With no sticky prices if the central bank increases the money supply in order to reduce interest rates they will actually first cause inflation to occur and at the same time borrowing will not change. My conclusion: Either the person writing this article does not understand how monetary policy works, or the research cited is subpar. Either way one would hope that premier newspapers would hire technically sound individuals to analyze economic issues. Bonus Comment: Yes, high interest rates effect small and medium scale firms most. This is not new. Poorer firms are more credit constrained.