A Pakistani guide to years ending in 4
What does the story of ‘4’ tell us about Pakistan’s history?
The writer is a former caretaker finance minister and served as vice-president at the World Bank
Many believe that there is something about the number ‘4’ that needs watching as we begin 2014. Mark Bittman, a New York Times columnist, reminded his readers that “war, famine, pestilence and death — the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse — have been well represented in the years ending in ‘4’.” That this has indeed been the case needed a chronicle of the American experience with the number ‘4’. Bittman proceeded to provide that by going over the years in the American history starting with 1944. That was the year when the world war seemed headed for a close but not before million more lives were lost in bringing to an end the bloodiest contest in human history. Let us see if the Bittman hypothesis applies to the case of Pakistan.
I will begin with the year 1954 when the country was into the seventh year of hard-won independence. There was political turmoil in Karachi, still the capital of Pakistan. The government had been captured by a group of bureaucrats whose main interest was to keep political power in their hands rather than work on the development of a durable and representative political order. Liaquat Ali Khan had been dead for three years and power had passed into the hands of Governor General Ghulam Muhammad, who had dissolved the Constituent Assembly in order to consolidate power in his own hands. Guided by General Ayub Khan, the country had signed the Mutual Defense Agreement with the United States that was to tie the country with Washington for years to come. The year, therefore, set in place two trends in the country’s history: resort to unconstitutional means to hold on to power and to become dependent on the United States for its economic wellbeing.
The year 1964 saw the beginning of the end of the economic and political models followed by the regime of General/President Ayub Khan. This was the fourth year of what was then seen as the highly successful Second Five Year Plan. The military leader began to plan for his reelection as president under the Constitution of 1962. He didn’t expect that the scattered opposition to his rule would be able to coalesce under the banner of the Combined Opposition Party (COP). The COP was able to convince Fatima Jinnah to be its candidate. She fought a vigorous campaign and was greeted by large crowds of supporters. If the military government was able to deliver economic growth, it was clear that the people wanted political freedom even more. Ayub Khan won but with a margin that was much less than he had anticipated.
By 1974, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto had been in power for two years. He had scored a number of successes — a Constitution, reconciliation with Bangladesh, putting in place a new framework for dealing with India in the context of the ‘Simla agreement’. But in 1974, he completed a series of economic moves that involved the expansion of the presence of the state in economic management. The prime minister had little knowledge of economics and little understanding of the kind of role the government should play in looking after the national economy. His nationalisation programme had extended the hold of the bureaucracy on the economy. At the same time, he moved against the powerful Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP). The CSP, which had been the steel frame of the country’s government structure, was demoralised. Its ethos changed from serving the people to serving its members.
In 1984, President Ziaul Haq, having governed for seven years by postponing the promised elections a number of times had finally begun to think about ‘civilianising’ the military regime. But the political system had to pay a price for that: it came in the form of a heavily amended constitution that gave the president a number of extraordinary powers. By introducing Article 58 (2) (b) in the Constitution, he effectively turned the system of governance into a presidential system.
The year 1994 saw Pakistan in the middle of yet another political crisis. Benazir Bhutto was back in power as prime minister for the second time. While she had freed herself from the shackles of what had come to be called the ‘troika’ system, in which the prime minister shared power with the president and the chief of the army staff, she did not use the power that she now possessed wisely. She allowed her husband, Asif Ali Zardari, a great of deal of authority over government contracts. Some of this influence was used by him to obtain, it was alleged, large amounts of kickbacks, including those from a Swiss company that was engaged by the government to evaluate the declared value of imports. The ‘Swiss case’ still haunts Zardari.
In 2004, the Musharraf regime that had done well for five years began its slow descent into political confusion that ended with chaos. It was also in that year that the economy began to see a decline in the rate of growth that has lasted now for almost 10 years.
What does the story of ‘4’ tell us about Pakistan’s history? The years ending with that number saw the beginning of the decline of the regimes that had been in place for several years. It would appear that the year 2014 would break that trend. The government headed by Mian Nawaz Sharif has completed a bit more than six months in office. It can expect to stay in office for, at least, another 50 months. It could, with intelligent management, consolidate the political system in place and revive the economy.
Published in The Express Tribune, January 6th, 2014.
I will begin with the year 1954 when the country was into the seventh year of hard-won independence. There was political turmoil in Karachi, still the capital of Pakistan. The government had been captured by a group of bureaucrats whose main interest was to keep political power in their hands rather than work on the development of a durable and representative political order. Liaquat Ali Khan had been dead for three years and power had passed into the hands of Governor General Ghulam Muhammad, who had dissolved the Constituent Assembly in order to consolidate power in his own hands. Guided by General Ayub Khan, the country had signed the Mutual Defense Agreement with the United States that was to tie the country with Washington for years to come. The year, therefore, set in place two trends in the country’s history: resort to unconstitutional means to hold on to power and to become dependent on the United States for its economic wellbeing.
The year 1964 saw the beginning of the end of the economic and political models followed by the regime of General/President Ayub Khan. This was the fourth year of what was then seen as the highly successful Second Five Year Plan. The military leader began to plan for his reelection as president under the Constitution of 1962. He didn’t expect that the scattered opposition to his rule would be able to coalesce under the banner of the Combined Opposition Party (COP). The COP was able to convince Fatima Jinnah to be its candidate. She fought a vigorous campaign and was greeted by large crowds of supporters. If the military government was able to deliver economic growth, it was clear that the people wanted political freedom even more. Ayub Khan won but with a margin that was much less than he had anticipated.
By 1974, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto had been in power for two years. He had scored a number of successes — a Constitution, reconciliation with Bangladesh, putting in place a new framework for dealing with India in the context of the ‘Simla agreement’. But in 1974, he completed a series of economic moves that involved the expansion of the presence of the state in economic management. The prime minister had little knowledge of economics and little understanding of the kind of role the government should play in looking after the national economy. His nationalisation programme had extended the hold of the bureaucracy on the economy. At the same time, he moved against the powerful Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP). The CSP, which had been the steel frame of the country’s government structure, was demoralised. Its ethos changed from serving the people to serving its members.
In 1984, President Ziaul Haq, having governed for seven years by postponing the promised elections a number of times had finally begun to think about ‘civilianising’ the military regime. But the political system had to pay a price for that: it came in the form of a heavily amended constitution that gave the president a number of extraordinary powers. By introducing Article 58 (2) (b) in the Constitution, he effectively turned the system of governance into a presidential system.
The year 1994 saw Pakistan in the middle of yet another political crisis. Benazir Bhutto was back in power as prime minister for the second time. While she had freed herself from the shackles of what had come to be called the ‘troika’ system, in which the prime minister shared power with the president and the chief of the army staff, she did not use the power that she now possessed wisely. She allowed her husband, Asif Ali Zardari, a great of deal of authority over government contracts. Some of this influence was used by him to obtain, it was alleged, large amounts of kickbacks, including those from a Swiss company that was engaged by the government to evaluate the declared value of imports. The ‘Swiss case’ still haunts Zardari.
In 2004, the Musharraf regime that had done well for five years began its slow descent into political confusion that ended with chaos. It was also in that year that the economy began to see a decline in the rate of growth that has lasted now for almost 10 years.
What does the story of ‘4’ tell us about Pakistan’s history? The years ending with that number saw the beginning of the decline of the regimes that had been in place for several years. It would appear that the year 2014 would break that trend. The government headed by Mian Nawaz Sharif has completed a bit more than six months in office. It can expect to stay in office for, at least, another 50 months. It could, with intelligent management, consolidate the political system in place and revive the economy.
Published in The Express Tribune, January 6th, 2014.