Australia said it will fine internet platforms up to 5% of their global revenue for failing to prevent the spread of misinformation online.
This move joins a worldwide push to rein in borderless tech giants but angers free speech advocates.
The government said it would require tech platforms to set codes of conduct governing how they stop dangerous falsehoods from spreading, which would be approved by a regulator.
If a platform failed to do so, the regulator would set its own standard and fine companies for non-compliance.
The legislation, to be introduced in parliament on Thursday, targets false content that hurts election integrity or public health, calls for denouncing a group or injuring a person, or risks disrupting critical infrastructure or emergency services.
The bill is part of a wide-ranging regulatory crackdown by Australia, where leaders have complained that foreign-domiciled tech platforms are overriding the country's sovereignty and comes ahead of a federal election due within a year.
Facebook owner Meta has already said it may block professional news content if it is forced to pay royalties, while X, formerly Twitter, has removed most content moderation since being bought by billionaire Elon Musk in 2022.
"Misinformation and disinformation pose a serious threat to the safety and well-being of Australians, as well as our democracy, society and economy," said Australian Communications Minister Michelle Rowland. "Doing nothing and allowing this problem to fester is not an option."
An initial version of the bill was criticised in 2023 for giving the Australian Communications and Media Authority too much power to determine what constituted misinformation and disinformation, the term for intentionally spreading lies.
Rowland said the new bill specified that the media regulator would not have the power to force the takedown of individual pieces of content or user accounts. The new version of the bill protected professional news, artistic, and religious content, while it did not protect government-authorised content.
The minister said, citing the Australian Media Literary Alliance, that some four-fifths of Australians wanted the spread of misinformation addressed.
Meta, which counts nearly nine in 10 Australians as Facebook users, declined to comment. Industry body DIGI, which Meta is a member, said the new regime reinforced an anti-misinformation code it last updated in 2022, but many questions remained.
X was not immediately available for comment.
Opposition home affairs spokesman James Paterson said that while he had yet to examine the revised bill, "Australians' legitimately-held political beliefs should not be censored by either the government or by foreign social media platforms".
The Australia Communications and Media Authority welcomed "legislation to provide it with a formal regulatory role to combat misinformation and disinformation on digital platforms."
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