Technology to Pakistan’s rescue
Policymakers must understand how the global production system has changed and will continue to chang
The writer is a former caretaker finance minister and served as vice-president at the World Bank
At this time, in the early days of 2015, Pakistan finds itself in a low growth equilibrium trap. The economy, after growing at the rate of about 3.5 per cent a year for the last half a dozen years, is expected to see a slight improvement. The International Monetary Fund, which is currently assisting the country, expects the rate of growth in the current financial year to inch forward a little and reach a rate higher than four per cent. This is creditable given the number of problems the county confronts. The most important of these, of course, is extremism and associated terrorism.
Following the massacre in Peshawar of almost 150 students and teachers on December 16, 2014, the government has decided to launch a 20-point National Action Plan (NAP) with the aim of ridding the country of this scourge. Implementation of the plan has already begun. As the finance minister revealed, the NAP will cost the government a significant amount of money which was not budgeted and will impact the rate of growth. But this downward pull will be for the short term. If the NAP succeeds in its stated objectives, it will have enormous long-term positive consequences. The most important of these will be the revival of investor confidence in the country’s economic future.
As economists never fail to point out, confidence is by far the most important determinant of economic performance. With terrorism curbed, the country should see the rate of investment climb from the abysmally low 8.6 per cent of the GDP. For the country to achieve a rate of increase in national product of between six to eight per cent, it will need to invest between 28 and 30 per cent of the GDP. It will also need to improve the productivity of investment. This is where technology enters the picture. Before indicating the public policy choices that need to be made to put technology at the service of the Pakistani economy, I will take a brief detour into the history of economic thought.
Pioneers of development economics based their growth models initially on two factors of production. Arthur Lewis, the West Indian economist who went on to win the Nobel Prize, focused on the transfer of workers from agriculture to industry as one important way of increasing economic growth. His model of development was built on two assumptions: there was, he argued, a large surplus of workers in the countryside, working mostly in agriculture. Their productivity was much lower than the labour employed in the urban economy. Simply moving workers from villages to cities and towns would increase output without decreasing agricultural production.
Capital was the other factor of production. This was in short supply in poor countries; to increase it, these economies had to invest much more in the economy. But their savings rates were low. To get these countries out of this vicious cycle, external capital flows were needed. That a two-factor production equation was enough to explain growth in the economies was questioned by the American economist Robert Solow.
Pakistan has missed a number of opportunities to join the high-performing countries of Asia. It did not develop an industrial base that could have produced goods in high demand in the large markets of the developed world. This was what propelled forward the ‘miracle economies’ of Asia. It also missed the opportunity made available by what the American journalist Paul Friedman called the “flattening of the world”. By this, he meant how the well-trained youth in Asia’s populous countries could use the internet to provide services to the increasingly labour-short economies in the developed world. Outsourcing won India and the Philippines rich rewards in terms of generating reasonably well-paying jobs for the young while also earning large amounts of foreign exchange.
The country could catch up employing technology for promoting growth and development. Policymakers must understand how the global production system has changed and will continue to change. To take just one example, Pakistan, using information and other technologies, could enter the supply chain for the large automobile industries of China and India. I will elaborate on this point in later articles.
Published in The Express Tribune, January 26th, 2015.
Following the massacre in Peshawar of almost 150 students and teachers on December 16, 2014, the government has decided to launch a 20-point National Action Plan (NAP) with the aim of ridding the country of this scourge. Implementation of the plan has already begun. As the finance minister revealed, the NAP will cost the government a significant amount of money which was not budgeted and will impact the rate of growth. But this downward pull will be for the short term. If the NAP succeeds in its stated objectives, it will have enormous long-term positive consequences. The most important of these will be the revival of investor confidence in the country’s economic future.
As economists never fail to point out, confidence is by far the most important determinant of economic performance. With terrorism curbed, the country should see the rate of investment climb from the abysmally low 8.6 per cent of the GDP. For the country to achieve a rate of increase in national product of between six to eight per cent, it will need to invest between 28 and 30 per cent of the GDP. It will also need to improve the productivity of investment. This is where technology enters the picture. Before indicating the public policy choices that need to be made to put technology at the service of the Pakistani economy, I will take a brief detour into the history of economic thought.
Pioneers of development economics based their growth models initially on two factors of production. Arthur Lewis, the West Indian economist who went on to win the Nobel Prize, focused on the transfer of workers from agriculture to industry as one important way of increasing economic growth. His model of development was built on two assumptions: there was, he argued, a large surplus of workers in the countryside, working mostly in agriculture. Their productivity was much lower than the labour employed in the urban economy. Simply moving workers from villages to cities and towns would increase output without decreasing agricultural production.
Capital was the other factor of production. This was in short supply in poor countries; to increase it, these economies had to invest much more in the economy. But their savings rates were low. To get these countries out of this vicious cycle, external capital flows were needed. That a two-factor production equation was enough to explain growth in the economies was questioned by the American economist Robert Solow.
Pakistan has missed a number of opportunities to join the high-performing countries of Asia. It did not develop an industrial base that could have produced goods in high demand in the large markets of the developed world. This was what propelled forward the ‘miracle economies’ of Asia. It also missed the opportunity made available by what the American journalist Paul Friedman called the “flattening of the world”. By this, he meant how the well-trained youth in Asia’s populous countries could use the internet to provide services to the increasingly labour-short economies in the developed world. Outsourcing won India and the Philippines rich rewards in terms of generating reasonably well-paying jobs for the young while also earning large amounts of foreign exchange.
The country could catch up employing technology for promoting growth and development. Policymakers must understand how the global production system has changed and will continue to change. To take just one example, Pakistan, using information and other technologies, could enter the supply chain for the large automobile industries of China and India. I will elaborate on this point in later articles.
Published in The Express Tribune, January 26th, 2015.