Hyderabadi heritage: Deccan diaries
Sculpted by various cultural influences, Hyderabadis hold age-old traditions close to heart.
Sculpted by various cultural influences, Hyderabadis hold age-old traditions close to heart. ILLUSTRATION BY JAMAL KHURSHID DESIGN BY KIRAN SHAHID
Swathed in an off-white cotton sari, Zubeida Bibi sits on her takht, deftly preparing paan for her guests. With a glistening silver paandan resting next to her, she hurriedly wraps the green leaves as she notices a couple of guests winding up their meal. Her aim, like always, is to ensure that none of the guests leave the dastarkhwan without a juicy paan in their mouth. Her grandchildren flock around her, asking for a bite of the stuffed leafy goodness but are shooed away with promises of a treat once the guests depart.
Zubeida Bibi is one of the many Hyderabadis who migrated to Pakistan after Partition and is determined to keep the ways of her ancestors alive through these small rituals. Her community, which is largely defined by its food, language and mannerisms, is one of the many formerly migrant groups that make Karachi a subcontinent in itself.
History
The Hyderabadis who came to Pakistan come from the Deccan region of India. Tracing their footsteps in history, we learn that the area was ruled by the Bahmani Sultanate in 1347. The empire was the first Muslim kingdom in the southern part of India and was founded by Alauddin Hassan, an Afghan by birth and a descendant of Persian King Bahman. How he landed in India is not clear, however, what is known is that he established the Bahmani Empire in the area after revolting against the Delhi Sultanate that ruled the Indian subcontinent at the time.
When the Bahmani Empire started to deteriorate in the 16th century, Sultan Quli Qutbul Mulk, who served the then-Bahmani sultan, conquered the empire’s main city of Golkonda and declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate. Quli, who migrated to India from a federation consisting of present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, Iraq and parts of Iran and Turkey, established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in Golkonda in 1518.
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the fifth ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, founded the city of Hyderabad in 1591. The city derives its name from Hyder, the title of the fourth caliph of Islam Hazrat Ali (RA), which means lion. Another myth states that the city was named after the founder’s wife Bhagamati who was named Hyder Mahal after she converted to Islam, while another version claims it was named after his son.
The Qutb Shah Dynasty ruled Golkonda for 171 years but was forced to acknowledge the Mughal Empire’s authority in the later years. In 1687, the area was taken over by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and was made a province of the empire.
In 1724, Nizamul Mulk Qamaruddin, a Mughal viceroy, declared independence from the Mughal Empire and established the Asif Jahi Dynasty. During the rule of this dynasty which lasted for two centuries, Hyderabad became a prominent Muslim state and a stronghold of Islamic identity in the Indian sub-continent which was greatly influenced by colonial culture.
When the British colonial forces arrived in India and strengthened their grip on the subcontinent, the Asif Jahi ruler signed an alliance with the British East India Company. In 1798, Asif Jahi dynasty’s capital, Hyderabad, became a princely state under the Company’s governance.
And then Partition happened. The princely states present were given a choice between joining Pakistan, India or staying independent. Hyderabad decided against joining the Indian Union and opted to stay sovereign, surrounded by Indian states. However, the independence didn’t last very long and the Indian army forcibly took over in 1948. The majority of the people who migrated from Indian Hyderabad arrived in Karachi and settled mainly in Hyderabad Colony, Laiqabad and Bahadurabad.
(This historical account has been compiled from the following sources: Locating Home: India’s Hyderabadis Abroad, Our faithful ally, the Nizam, The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products, Golconda Through Time: A Mirror of the Evolving Deccan, Hyderabad State and the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation website)
Whet your appetite
More than anything, the Hyderabadi community is known for its mouth-watering cuisine, which is a unique blend of Mughlai, Arabic and Telugu food. Typical to any Indian dish, the Hyderabadi food is a blend of aromatic spices and herbs, the most prominent ingredients being coconut, tamarind, peanuts and sesame seeds.
According to Henna Khan, a Hyderabadi mother, people expect to be served kachi yakhni ki biryani, mirchi ka salan, begharay baigun and khoobani ka meetha when they attend a Hyderabadi get-together.
However, Khan says these are festive dishes associated mainly but not exclusively to important occasions such as weddings or Eid. On an average day, a Hyderabadi kitchen is filled with the aroma of simmering khatti daal, dalcha or tamater ka kut, to be served with kulfa ghost or dum ka qeema.
“We also have a great snack menu with luqmi, special dahi baray and mirchi pakori,” boasts a visibly delighted Khan.
Chakna, however, is the one controversial dish on the Hyderabadi menu, which the older generation cannot get enough of but the younger ones try hard to disown. A spicy stew made out of goat tripe, chakna also contains chunks of liver and kidneys. If you feel daring enough to give it a try, visit Karachi’s Hyderabad Colony and ask anyone to direct you the closest joint selling this chopped-up delicacy.
The whole nine yards: Fabric, style and fashion
With traditions that are as grand as their cuisine, their aesthetics lack no splendour either. Hyderabadi women can be seen carrying elaborate, six- metre long dupattas during wedding ceremonies. Their traditional dress called the kurtanni comprises a twin-layered shirt, churidaar pajama and a long dupatta that is wrapped around the body in a specific style known as khara dupatta. The method of pinning the dupatta around the body is so intricate that only a few women in any family have mastered the art.
Shamin Arif is one of those women in her family. She tries to arrive early to family weddings anticipating frantic girls, carrying their dupatta with a bunch of safety pins, looking for her. While many think it is a complex way of tying a simple dupatta, Arif does it meticulously.
“It’s fairly simple if you get the hang of the method and the sequence,” says Arif.
For men, the attire consists of a plain kurta over a white pajama, while on special occasions they would don simple sherwanis. Today, this is a rare sight with a vast majority sticking to the standard shalwar kameez.
Sui generis traditions
Influenced by various cultures over the years, Hyderabadi traditions are intriguing to say the least. Nazia Ahsan, a Hyderabadi who has lived in both Pakistan and India, shared a few fascinating customs followed by the community. She, however, was quick to mention that these practises vary from family to family.
- The bride is given a special necklace called kali poath (Hyderabadi version of mangalsutra — a sacred Hindu thread given by the groom to the bride) after the wedding ceremony. In the ritual, the mother-in-law puts the necklace around saath suhaguns (seven married women) before she places it around the bride’s neck. Similarly, many wedding-related rituals are performed with the help of married women as it is assumed it brings good luck to the new bride.
- Hyderabadis believe in the concept of Charshamba — Wednesday in Hindi. Important work is avoided on this day of the week, for they believe that anything that happens on Wednesday repeats itself three more times. For instance, if someone dies in a family on this day, it is believed that three more deaths will follow.
- Hyderabadis emphasise manners and etiquettes; the young usually greet elders with an adaab or bowing their head in respect. The elder person reciprocates by gently placing their hand over the head, or sometimes by kissing the forehead. The elders also expect the younger members of the family not to seat themselves at a level higher than theirs.
- Many Hyderabadi families also take great care during their daughter’s first pregnancy. The woman is brought home in the seventh month of her pregnancy following a ceremony called Satwasa, in which she is given seven fruits of the season as a present. On the sixth day after the birth of the baby, the baby is given a name at a ceremony called chatti. Forty days after the birth date, the parents are showered with gifts in yet another gathering called chilla. This also marks the return of the mother to her in-laws’ house.
As the guests leave, Zubeida Bibi takes a deep breath while her stomach growls in protest. Her mind has been so preoccupied with feeding her guests that she has not put a single morsel in her mouth all day. In her books, it is impolite not to give complete attention to your visitors. But before she can savour the biryani and mirchi ka salan, she has one more important task left. Her wide-eyed grandchildren are still waiting for their share of the paan. And she must prepare it with extreme care if the original taste is to be preserved for future generations.
Fact box
• The city of Hyderabad in Pakistan has nothing to do with the Hyderabadi community that migrated from India.
• Famous TV personality, Anwar Maqsood traces his roots to Hyderabad. Professional tennis player Sania Mirza was also brought up in Hyderabad, India.
• After 1947, most of the Hyderabadis initially settled in Karachi’s Hyderabad Colony, Laiqabad and Bahadurabad area.
• ‘Charminar’ (Four towers) — the global icon of Hyderabad, India — was replicated in Pakistan in the form of a roundabout in the Bahadurabad neighborhood of Karachi.
• Hyderabadis never speak in a literal sense; when they say they want something itna sa (just a little), they don’t really mean little. When they say they did something parson (day before yesterday), they mean they did it ages ago.
Ferya Ilyas works with The Express Tribune as a sub-editor. She tweets @ferya_ilyas
Published in The Express Tribune, Sunday Magazine, December 1st, 2013.
Zubeida Bibi is one of the many Hyderabadis who migrated to Pakistan after Partition and is determined to keep the ways of her ancestors alive through these small rituals. Her community, which is largely defined by its food, language and mannerisms, is one of the many formerly migrant groups that make Karachi a subcontinent in itself.
History
The Hyderabadis who came to Pakistan come from the Deccan region of India. Tracing their footsteps in history, we learn that the area was ruled by the Bahmani Sultanate in 1347. The empire was the first Muslim kingdom in the southern part of India and was founded by Alauddin Hassan, an Afghan by birth and a descendant of Persian King Bahman. How he landed in India is not clear, however, what is known is that he established the Bahmani Empire in the area after revolting against the Delhi Sultanate that ruled the Indian subcontinent at the time.
When the Bahmani Empire started to deteriorate in the 16th century, Sultan Quli Qutbul Mulk, who served the then-Bahmani sultan, conquered the empire’s main city of Golkonda and declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate. Quli, who migrated to India from a federation consisting of present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, Iraq and parts of Iran and Turkey, established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in Golkonda in 1518.
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the fifth ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, founded the city of Hyderabad in 1591. The city derives its name from Hyder, the title of the fourth caliph of Islam Hazrat Ali (RA), which means lion. Another myth states that the city was named after the founder’s wife Bhagamati who was named Hyder Mahal after she converted to Islam, while another version claims it was named after his son.
The Qutb Shah Dynasty ruled Golkonda for 171 years but was forced to acknowledge the Mughal Empire’s authority in the later years. In 1687, the area was taken over by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and was made a province of the empire.
In 1724, Nizamul Mulk Qamaruddin, a Mughal viceroy, declared independence from the Mughal Empire and established the Asif Jahi Dynasty. During the rule of this dynasty which lasted for two centuries, Hyderabad became a prominent Muslim state and a stronghold of Islamic identity in the Indian sub-continent which was greatly influenced by colonial culture.
When the British colonial forces arrived in India and strengthened their grip on the subcontinent, the Asif Jahi ruler signed an alliance with the British East India Company. In 1798, Asif Jahi dynasty’s capital, Hyderabad, became a princely state under the Company’s governance.
And then Partition happened. The princely states present were given a choice between joining Pakistan, India or staying independent. Hyderabad decided against joining the Indian Union and opted to stay sovereign, surrounded by Indian states. However, the independence didn’t last very long and the Indian army forcibly took over in 1948. The majority of the people who migrated from Indian Hyderabad arrived in Karachi and settled mainly in Hyderabad Colony, Laiqabad and Bahadurabad.
(This historical account has been compiled from the following sources: Locating Home: India’s Hyderabadis Abroad, Our faithful ally, the Nizam, The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products, Golconda Through Time: A Mirror of the Evolving Deccan, Hyderabad State and the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation website)
Whet your appetite
More than anything, the Hyderabadi community is known for its mouth-watering cuisine, which is a unique blend of Mughlai, Arabic and Telugu food. Typical to any Indian dish, the Hyderabadi food is a blend of aromatic spices and herbs, the most prominent ingredients being coconut, tamarind, peanuts and sesame seeds.
According to Henna Khan, a Hyderabadi mother, people expect to be served kachi yakhni ki biryani, mirchi ka salan, begharay baigun and khoobani ka meetha when they attend a Hyderabadi get-together.
However, Khan says these are festive dishes associated mainly but not exclusively to important occasions such as weddings or Eid. On an average day, a Hyderabadi kitchen is filled with the aroma of simmering khatti daal, dalcha or tamater ka kut, to be served with kulfa ghost or dum ka qeema.
“We also have a great snack menu with luqmi, special dahi baray and mirchi pakori,” boasts a visibly delighted Khan.
Chakna, however, is the one controversial dish on the Hyderabadi menu, which the older generation cannot get enough of but the younger ones try hard to disown. A spicy stew made out of goat tripe, chakna also contains chunks of liver and kidneys. If you feel daring enough to give it a try, visit Karachi’s Hyderabad Colony and ask anyone to direct you the closest joint selling this chopped-up delicacy.
The whole nine yards: Fabric, style and fashion
With traditions that are as grand as their cuisine, their aesthetics lack no splendour either. Hyderabadi women can be seen carrying elaborate, six- metre long dupattas during wedding ceremonies. Their traditional dress called the kurtanni comprises a twin-layered shirt, churidaar pajama and a long dupatta that is wrapped around the body in a specific style known as khara dupatta. The method of pinning the dupatta around the body is so intricate that only a few women in any family have mastered the art.
Shamin Arif is one of those women in her family. She tries to arrive early to family weddings anticipating frantic girls, carrying their dupatta with a bunch of safety pins, looking for her. While many think it is a complex way of tying a simple dupatta, Arif does it meticulously.
“It’s fairly simple if you get the hang of the method and the sequence,” says Arif.
For men, the attire consists of a plain kurta over a white pajama, while on special occasions they would don simple sherwanis. Today, this is a rare sight with a vast majority sticking to the standard shalwar kameez.
Sui generis traditions
Influenced by various cultures over the years, Hyderabadi traditions are intriguing to say the least. Nazia Ahsan, a Hyderabadi who has lived in both Pakistan and India, shared a few fascinating customs followed by the community. She, however, was quick to mention that these practises vary from family to family.
- The bride is given a special necklace called kali poath (Hyderabadi version of mangalsutra — a sacred Hindu thread given by the groom to the bride) after the wedding ceremony. In the ritual, the mother-in-law puts the necklace around saath suhaguns (seven married women) before she places it around the bride’s neck. Similarly, many wedding-related rituals are performed with the help of married women as it is assumed it brings good luck to the new bride.
- Hyderabadis believe in the concept of Charshamba — Wednesday in Hindi. Important work is avoided on this day of the week, for they believe that anything that happens on Wednesday repeats itself three more times. For instance, if someone dies in a family on this day, it is believed that three more deaths will follow.
- Hyderabadis emphasise manners and etiquettes; the young usually greet elders with an adaab or bowing their head in respect. The elder person reciprocates by gently placing their hand over the head, or sometimes by kissing the forehead. The elders also expect the younger members of the family not to seat themselves at a level higher than theirs.
- Many Hyderabadi families also take great care during their daughter’s first pregnancy. The woman is brought home in the seventh month of her pregnancy following a ceremony called Satwasa, in which she is given seven fruits of the season as a present. On the sixth day after the birth of the baby, the baby is given a name at a ceremony called chatti. Forty days after the birth date, the parents are showered with gifts in yet another gathering called chilla. This also marks the return of the mother to her in-laws’ house.
As the guests leave, Zubeida Bibi takes a deep breath while her stomach growls in protest. Her mind has been so preoccupied with feeding her guests that she has not put a single morsel in her mouth all day. In her books, it is impolite not to give complete attention to your visitors. But before she can savour the biryani and mirchi ka salan, she has one more important task left. Her wide-eyed grandchildren are still waiting for their share of the paan. And she must prepare it with extreme care if the original taste is to be preserved for future generations.
Fact box
• The city of Hyderabad in Pakistan has nothing to do with the Hyderabadi community that migrated from India.
• Famous TV personality, Anwar Maqsood traces his roots to Hyderabad. Professional tennis player Sania Mirza was also brought up in Hyderabad, India.
• After 1947, most of the Hyderabadis initially settled in Karachi’s Hyderabad Colony, Laiqabad and Bahadurabad area.
• ‘Charminar’ (Four towers) — the global icon of Hyderabad, India — was replicated in Pakistan in the form of a roundabout in the Bahadurabad neighborhood of Karachi.
• Hyderabadis never speak in a literal sense; when they say they want something itna sa (just a little), they don’t really mean little. When they say they did something parson (day before yesterday), they mean they did it ages ago.
Ferya Ilyas works with The Express Tribune as a sub-editor. She tweets @ferya_ilyas
Published in The Express Tribune, Sunday Magazine, December 1st, 2013.