What is norovirus? Is it treatable?

Norovirus spreads fast, causing millions of cases annually; prevention hinges on hygiene and awareness.

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Norovirus is a prevalent and highly contagious virus causing gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It spreads through contact with infected individuals, contaminated food or water, or touching contaminated surfaces.

Impact in the US
Each year, norovirus significantly affects public health in the United States:

• 19-21 million cases of vomiting and diarrhea
• 109,000 hospitalisations
• 2.3 million outpatient visits
• 450,000 emergency department visits, primarily involving young children
• 900 deaths, predominantly among adults aged 65 and older

Norovirus outbreaks occur across various settings, including healthcare facilities, schools, childcare centers, and restaurants. While cruise ships are often associated with outbreaks, they account for only 1% of total cases.

Symptoms and Contagion
Symptoms, including stomach cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, begin suddenly and typically last for a few days. Infected individuals are contagious from the onset of symptoms until at least three days after recovery. Some may remain contagious for up to two weeks post-recovery.

Prevention Measures
The most effective way to prevent norovirus is thorough handwashing with soap and water, especially after bathroom use, diaper changes, and before preparing or eating food. Additional precautions include:

• Avoiding food preparation or caregiving when ill
• Washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly
• Cooking shellfish before consumption
• Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces after exposure to vomit or diarrhea

While alcohol-based hand sanitizers can supplement handwashing, soap and water are more effective at removing norovirus particles.

Treatment
There is no specific treatment or vaccine for norovirus. Antibiotics are ineffective as they target bacteria, not viruses. Preventing dehydration by consuming plenty of fluids is crucial. Severe cases may require medical attention.

Research into vaccines is ongoing, offering hope for future prevention efforts.