Philosophy of governance and evolution of political structures

Pakistan, a country with a rich history and different cultures, has been greatly affected by its governance philosophy, notably the concept of separation of powers. The ideas of democratic administration and the equitable allocation of authority among different branches have been essential in creating the country’s political and administrative institutions, which are rooted in the vision of its Founding Father, Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Jinnah, the primary force behind Pakistan’s formation in 1947, envisioned a country where democratic values would thrive. The principle of the separation of powers, also known as Trias Politica, was central to his vision, emphasising the necessity for different branches of the state — executive, legislative and judiciary — each with its powers and responsibilities. Jinnah’s vision was incorporated in Pakistan’s first constitutions, indicating a dedication to democratic government and the avoidance of authoritarian control. However, the practical execution of these objectives has been difficult, owing in part to periods of military administration that disturbed the democratic system.

The division of powers threw a wrench in the power balance. The era of General Ziaul-Haq, from 1977 to 1988, is notable as regards military’s prominent involvement in both the political and administrative realms. During the Zia regime, the independence of the courts was jeopardised, and democratic institutions were undermined, resulting in distortions in the separation of powers.

As Pakistan has navigated its political terrain in recent years, doubts about the extent to which the separation of powers is preserved have persisted, particularly in the context of elections and the perceived influence of the military, often referred to as the establishment. Pakistan’s general elections in 2018 showed the difficulties inherent in the separation of powers. While the democratic process was unfolding, claims of military intervention and election outcome manipulation appeared. According to critics, these circumstances influenced the validity of the results, raising doubts about the actual execution of democratic principles and the separation of powers.

The ‘minus-one’ formula, which seeks to marginalise certain political actors, emphasises the constant fight for power and its consequences for the separation of powers. In the run-up to the elections in 2024, there have been claims and worries that military influence may play a role in influencing the political landscape, undermining democratic values and the envisioned division of powers. The judiciary, which is seen as a critical pillar in maintaining the separation of powers, has encountered its fair share of difficulties. Recent legislative moves attempting to curtail the Supreme Court’s authority raise concerns about the fragile balance between branches and the potential erosion of judicial independence.

In addition to the complexities of the separation of powers and political dynamics, Pakistan has significant economic issues that are inextricably linked to the larger governance framework. The convergence of economic troubles and governance procedures is a major litmus test for the separation of powers’ efficacy. Volatility and instability have characterised Pakistan’s economic environment, with concerns ranging from fiscal deficits to inflationary pressures. The governance institutions, which are inextricably tied to economic policy, confront the difficult challenge of navigating the country through treacherous economic waters. The efficiency of governance institutions in resolving economic issues becomes an important aspect of power separation. As the country considers prospective economic reforms, the importance of governance in policy creation and implementation comes to the fore. Transparent and accountable governance procedures are critical for developing confidence among residents and foreign stakeholders, as well as promoting an atmosphere favourable to economic growth.

Economic performance frequently impacts election attitudes, making it an important political element. The public opinion of the government’s handling of economic issues can influence voting behaviour and, as a result, the makeup of elected bodies. This link between economic governance and political outcomes highlights the importance of a strong separation of powers structure that enables checks and balances in economic decision-making.

The impending elections in 2024 will be a watershed moment in which economic difficulties and governance methods will collide. The electorate’s examination of how political organisations approach economic problems, together with their devotion to democratic values, will decide the nation’s direction. The division of powers, which is inextricably tied to governance institutions, will be critical in framing the economic narrative throughout this period.

The political landscape of Pakistan depicts a never-ending effort to sustain the concepts of separation of powers and democratic government. While the governance theory, based on Jinnah’s vision, presents a plan for a balanced government, practical obstacles remain. The establishment’s involvement in political affairs, charges of electoral tampering and worries about the erosion of judicial independence highlight the challenges of charting a route that adheres to the values of the separation of powers.

Pakistan confronts the vital challenge of sustaining democratic ideals, guaranteeing an impartial judiciary and developing government systems that represent the envisioned division of powers as it looks to the future. The course of the 2024 elections will almost certainly serve as a litmus test, demonstrating the extent to which these concepts are absorbed or adapted in the face of changing political dynamics and persisting obstacles.

Published in The Express Tribune, January 17^th, 2024.

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