The atomic restrictions imposed by the Iran nuclear deal
The Islamic Republic commits to raising its uranium enrichment beyond agreed levels
A display featuring missiles and a portrait of Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is seen at Baharestan Square in Tehran, Iran September 27, 2017. PHOTO: REUTERS
Iran said on Sunday it would further scale back its commitment to the 2015 nuclear deal with world powers, raising its uranium enrichment beyond agreed levels to produce fuel for power plants.
That cap is one of many restrictions imposed by the deal that were aimed at extending the time Iran would need to produce a nuclear bomb, if it chose to, to a year from roughly two to three months.
The United States and the UN nuclear watchdog believe Iran had a nuclear weapons program that it abandoned. Tehran denies ever having had one.
Below are some of the key restrictions imposed by the nuclear deal, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.
URANIUM ENRICHMENT LEVEL
The biggest obstacle to producing nuclear weapons is obtaining enough fissile material - weapons-grade highly enriched uranium or plutonium - for the bomb’s core.
The deal caps the level of purity to which Iran can enrich uranium hexafluoride, the feedstock for centrifuges, at 3.67%, far below the 90% of weapons grade. It is also well below the 20% level to which Iran enriched uranium before the deal. The 3.67% cap lasts 15 years.
ENRICHMENT CAPACITY
Iran has two vast enrichment sites, at Natanz and Fordow. Much of Natanz is deep underground and Fordow is buried inside a mountain, which is widely believed to protect them from aerial bombardment.
The deal allows Iran to continue enrichment at Natanz but with constraints. It turns Fordow into a “nuclear, physics and technology centre” where centrifuges are used for purposes other than enrichment, such as producing stable isotopes.
The JCPOA also:
- Slashes the number of centrifuges installed in Iran to roughly 6,000 from around 19,000 before the deal
- Only allows Iran to produce enriched uranium with its first-generation IR-1 centrifuges
- Allows Iran to use small numbers of more advanced centrifuges for research, but without accumulating enriched uranium, for 10 years
URANIUM STOCK
The deal caps Iran’s stock of low-enriched uranium at 300 kg of uranium hexafluoride enriched to 3.67% or its equivalent for 15 years. That corresponds to 202.8 kg of uranium, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency, which is policing the deal’s restrictions.
Iran produced tonnes before the deal. Any excess enriched uranium was either downblended to the level of natural uranium or shipped out of the country in exchange for natural uranium.
The United States said in 2015 the deal reduced Iran’s stockpile of enriched uranium by 98%, to less than the amount needed for one weapon from enough for about 10.
CUTTING OFF THE PLUTONIUM TRACK
Iran was further from being able to produce a weapon with plutonium than with uranium. It was building a heavy-water reactor at Arak that could eventually have produced spent fuel from which plutonium could be separated.
Under the JCPOA:
- The core of that reactor has been removed and filled with concrete to make it unusable
- The reactor is being redesigned so as to “minimise the production of plutonium and not to produce weapon-grade plutonium in normal operation”
- All spent fuel from Arak will be shipped out of Iran, for the reactor’s lifetime
- Iran commits not to engage in reprocessing or reprocessing research activities for 15 years
- Iran can continue to produce heavy water, used as a moderator in reactors like Arak, but its stock is capped around 130 tonnes. It has previously shipped excess amounts abroad for storage or sold them. This restriction lasts 15 years.
MORE INTRUSIVE OVERSIGHT
The JCPOA:
- Requires Iran to apply the IAEA’s Additional Protocol - which grants the agency wide-ranging inspection powers - and “subsequently seek ratification and entry into force”
- Grants IAEA inspectors daily access to Natanz and Fordow for 15 years
- Says the deal’s signatories must vet Iran’s purchases of nuclear or dual-use equipment
- Bans Iran from carrying out a range of activities that could contribute to making a nuclear bomb, such as computer simulations of a nuclear explosion or designing certain multi-point detonation systems. In some cases, those activities can be carried out with the other signatories’ approval.
That cap is one of many restrictions imposed by the deal that were aimed at extending the time Iran would need to produce a nuclear bomb, if it chose to, to a year from roughly two to three months.
The United States and the UN nuclear watchdog believe Iran had a nuclear weapons program that it abandoned. Tehran denies ever having had one.
Below are some of the key restrictions imposed by the nuclear deal, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.
URANIUM ENRICHMENT LEVEL
The biggest obstacle to producing nuclear weapons is obtaining enough fissile material - weapons-grade highly enriched uranium or plutonium - for the bomb’s core.
The deal caps the level of purity to which Iran can enrich uranium hexafluoride, the feedstock for centrifuges, at 3.67%, far below the 90% of weapons grade. It is also well below the 20% level to which Iran enriched uranium before the deal. The 3.67% cap lasts 15 years.
ENRICHMENT CAPACITY
Iran has two vast enrichment sites, at Natanz and Fordow. Much of Natanz is deep underground and Fordow is buried inside a mountain, which is widely believed to protect them from aerial bombardment.
The deal allows Iran to continue enrichment at Natanz but with constraints. It turns Fordow into a “nuclear, physics and technology centre” where centrifuges are used for purposes other than enrichment, such as producing stable isotopes.
The JCPOA also:
- Slashes the number of centrifuges installed in Iran to roughly 6,000 from around 19,000 before the deal
- Only allows Iran to produce enriched uranium with its first-generation IR-1 centrifuges
- Allows Iran to use small numbers of more advanced centrifuges for research, but without accumulating enriched uranium, for 10 years
URANIUM STOCK
The deal caps Iran’s stock of low-enriched uranium at 300 kg of uranium hexafluoride enriched to 3.67% or its equivalent for 15 years. That corresponds to 202.8 kg of uranium, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency, which is policing the deal’s restrictions.
Iran produced tonnes before the deal. Any excess enriched uranium was either downblended to the level of natural uranium or shipped out of the country in exchange for natural uranium.
The United States said in 2015 the deal reduced Iran’s stockpile of enriched uranium by 98%, to less than the amount needed for one weapon from enough for about 10.
CUTTING OFF THE PLUTONIUM TRACK
Iran was further from being able to produce a weapon with plutonium than with uranium. It was building a heavy-water reactor at Arak that could eventually have produced spent fuel from which plutonium could be separated.
Under the JCPOA:
- The core of that reactor has been removed and filled with concrete to make it unusable
- The reactor is being redesigned so as to “minimise the production of plutonium and not to produce weapon-grade plutonium in normal operation”
- All spent fuel from Arak will be shipped out of Iran, for the reactor’s lifetime
- Iran commits not to engage in reprocessing or reprocessing research activities for 15 years
- Iran can continue to produce heavy water, used as a moderator in reactors like Arak, but its stock is capped around 130 tonnes. It has previously shipped excess amounts abroad for storage or sold them. This restriction lasts 15 years.
MORE INTRUSIVE OVERSIGHT
The JCPOA:
- Requires Iran to apply the IAEA’s Additional Protocol - which grants the agency wide-ranging inspection powers - and “subsequently seek ratification and entry into force”
- Grants IAEA inspectors daily access to Natanz and Fordow for 15 years
- Says the deal’s signatories must vet Iran’s purchases of nuclear or dual-use equipment
- Bans Iran from carrying out a range of activities that could contribute to making a nuclear bomb, such as computer simulations of a nuclear explosion or designing certain multi-point detonation systems. In some cases, those activities can be carried out with the other signatories’ approval.