The fire broke out late on Monday at the "privately-owned Kangleyuan rest home in Lushan county", the official Xinhua news agency said on Tuesday, citing local authorities.
The cause of the fire, which injured another six people, was unclear, Xinhua said. Rescue efforts were still underway. China has a history of similar disasters.
Workers are often poorly trained or ill-equipped to protect themselves from accidents.
A fire at a warehouse in Guangdong province killed at least 17 people in February, and a blaze at a poultry slaughterhouse in the northeastern province of Jilin in June 2013 killed 120 people.
The average age is rising in China, the world's most populated country, and demographers have said government limits on family size threaten the future of the economy as fewer people are left to pay and care for a greying population.
One in four Chinese will be older than 60 by 2030, according to the Ministry of Civil Affairs.
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