The troops were carrying out an operation deep in a forest when the gunmen attacked, the head of Chhattisgarh state's anti-Maoist operations told AFP.
"Thirteen security forces were killed in a gunbattle with Maoists in a deep forest of Sukma region of Chhattisgarh," said Rajinder Kumar Vij.
The victims were all with the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), a paramilitary unit. Its local head of operations Zulfikar Hasan said the attackers had used villagers as human shields.
"The Naxals were using local villagers as shields, hence our force couldn't retaliate with full force as that would also have cost villagers' lives," he told AFP, using a term commonly used for Maoist rebels in India.
"The operation is still on and I can confirm that 13 of our men have lost their lives.... Besides, another 12 CRPF men are injured."
The attack is the latest in a simmering conflict that pits the insurgents against local and national authorities in the forests and rural areas of mainly central and eastern India.
The guerrillas, who say they are fighting for the rights of tribal people and landless farmers, often collect funds through extortion and protection rackets.
India's Home Minister Rajnath Singh condemned what he called a "dastardly act of violence".
"Deeply saddened and disturbed to know of 13 CRPF men being killed by the Naxals during an ongoing encounter in Chhattisgarh," he tweeted.
"I express my condolences to the families of our brave CRPF men who sacrificed their lives."
Words are not enough to condemn the brutal & inhuman attack by anti-national elements in Sukma, Chhattisgarh.
— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) December 1, 2014
I salute the courageous CRPF personnel who have been martyred today. Our thoughts are with the families of those who lost their loved ones.
— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) December 1, 2014
Deeply saddened and disturbed to know of 13 CRPF men being killed by the Naxals during an ongoing encounter in Chhattisgarh.
— Rajnath Singh (@rajnathsingh) December 1, 2014
It is an act of cowardice. I strongly condemn this dastardly act of violence.
— Rajnath Singh (@rajnathsingh) December 1, 2014
I express my condolences to the families of our brave CRPF men who sacrificed their lives in the line of duty.
— Rajnath Singh (@rajnathsingh) December 1, 2014
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