Dirty secret: Rio’s air more deadly than its water, finds study

Olympic city exceeds WHO limits for most dangerous air pollutant

RIO DE JANEIRO: Rio de Janeiro’s air is dirtier and deadlier than portrayed by authorities and the Olympics’ promised legacy of cleaner winds has not remotely been met, an analysis of government data found.

Brazil declared in its official bid for the Olympic Games, which open on Friday, that Rio’s air quality was “within the limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).” That was not true when Rio won the right to host the Games in 2009 and it is not true now.

Rio for years has surpassed WHO limits for the most dangerous air pollutant — called particulate matter (PM) — spewed from millions of vehicles clogging the city’s roads.

People exposed to the pollution have higher risks of lung cancer, heart attacks, strokes, asthma and other diseases.



“This is definitely not ‘Olympic air’,” said Paulo Saldiva, a University of Sao Paulo pathologist and member of the WHO committee that set tougher global pollution standards in 2006. “Far more people die because of air pollution than the water. You are not obligated to drink water from Guanabara Bay but you must breathe Rio’s air.”

Data from Rio state’s environmental protection agency Inea shows that since 2008, Rio’s air has consistently been two to three times above WHO’s annual limit for PM 10 — so called because the particulate matter has a diameter of 10 microns or less, seven times smaller than that of a human hair.

That means Rio has the dirtiest air of any Olympic host city since scientists began consistently tracking PM 10 in the late 1980s, with the exception of Beijing in 2008.



Tania Braga, head of sustainability and legacy for the Rio Olympics organising committee, said air quality cannot be judged on PM data alone and other pollutants are at low levels.

Saldiva dismissed that, saying “the health damages associated with PM pollution are the most severe of all pollutants” and, because of that, Rio’s air is of poor quality.

Using the WHO’s methodology on estimating mortality, Saldiva calculates some 5,400 people died in Rio because of air pollution in 2014, the most recent year that data is available.



From 2010 to 2014, metropolitan Rio had an annual average PM 10 reading of 52 per cubic metre of air, according to Inea statistics. The WHO’s limit for the annual average is 20.

Jamie Mullins, a professor of resource economics at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, estimates that for every 10 units above the WHO limit on PM 10 levels, track athletes across all events see their performances diminished by 0.2%.

‘Air pollution all too common’

During the Beijing Olympics, the PM 10 level was 82 — well above Rio’s. When London held its Games in 2012, the PM 10 level was 23, government data showed.

The PM level was 44 during the 2004 Olympics in Athens, 24 in Sydney in 2000 and 28 in Atlanta in 1996, said Staci Simonich, a professor at Oregon State University who published a 2009 study on pollution at the Beijing Games.

“Rio’s numbers are all too common for the developing world. That is the sad reality,” said Simonich.

Air quality varies depending on weather — rains temporarily clean PM from the air. But Rio is in its dry season and pollution is at its peak.

Published in The Express Tribune, August 2^nd, 2016.

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