The Briton made it two wins out of three races this year after the cars came home behind the safety car, with Rosberg second and Ferrari's Sebastian Vettel finishing in third.
Rosberg, who reacted angrily to his near-miss in qualifying by snapping at mechanics, at one point demanded over the radio that Hamilton speed up as Vettel closed in behind him.
"I wasn't controlling his race, I was controlling my own race," shrugged Hamilton, when asked about orders to pick up his pace. "I had no real threat from Nico through the whole race."
An infuriated Rosberg shot back: "It's interesting to hear from you, Hamilton, that you were just thinking about yourself.
"Driving slower than was really necessary at the beginning of stints opened up the opportunity for Vettel to try to jump me," added the German, still hopping mad.
"It compromised my race."
World champion Hamilton extended his record number of wins in China to four, but victory was overshadowed by his latest spat with Rosberg.
"It's not my job to look after Rosberg’s race," insisted Hamilton, when offered the chance to respond to Rosberg's accusation.
"My job is to manage the car and bring the car home as healthy and as fast as possible. And that's what I did."
The pair's rivalry boiled over last year when Rosberg drove into Hamilton in Belgium, and Mercedes will be anxious to avoid any further bad blood spilling over to next weekend's Bahrain race.
Vettel, who stunned dominant Mercedes to win in tropical Malaysia two weeks ago, failed to produce another upset as the Silver Arrows resumed normal service, but he held off teammate Kimi Raikkonen to finish on the podium.
Hamilton was cruising almost five seconds ahead of Rosberg until Max Verstappen's Torro Rosso stopped on the pit straight two laps from the end, bringing out the safety car.
"The safety car at the end wasn't helpful for anyone because it's an anti-climax," said Hamilton, whose only trouble of a near-flawless weekend was an overheating cockpit. "Ultimately it was a much smoother weekend than the last race."
Starting from pole, Hamilton darted aggressively into turn one and immediately began to take control.
Twenty laps in, Rosberg tetchily told his team: "Tell Hamilton to speed up."
Hamilton, who had been protecting his tyres, obliged and quickly established a comfortable gap over Rosberg that would prove impossible to close.
"We tried everything we could today," said Vettel. "We were able to put some pressure on them, especially in the beginning of the race. Towards the end they were just too quick."
Williams drivers Felipe Massa and Valtteri Bottas finished fifth and sixth respectively, with Romain Grosjean's Lotus seventh and Sauber's Felipe Nasr eighth.
Red Bull's Daniel Ricciardo and Marcus Ericsson in the other Sauber rounded out the top 10.
Like Sports on Facebook, follow @ETribuneSports on Twitter to stay informed and join in the conversation.
COMMENTS
Comments are moderated and generally will be posted if they are on-topic and not abusive.
For more information, please see our Comments FAQ