Western Australia posted 421 before being bowled out midway through day two on Sunday at Bellerive Oval.
Leg-spinner Ahmed, a naturalised Australian who fled Pakistan in 2009 and claimed asylum, took the wickets of opener Marcus Harris (81), Sam Whiteman (72), Michael Klinger (18) and Shaun Marsh (six), along with four tailenders who were each dismissed in single figures.
Western Australia's Chris Matthews' 8-101 against Queensland in 1988 was the previous best bowling mark in a Shield final.
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