Kohli (122), who was leading the limited overs side for the first time, and Jadhav (120) put on 228 runs for the fifth wicket as India achieved the target with 11 balls to spare.
Dhoni backs India to be 'most successful' side under Kohli
Allrounder Hardik Pandya kept his nerves to take India home with his unbeaten 40 off 37 deliveries, hitting a huge six to finish off the match in style.
Earlier put into bat, England posted their highest-ever ODI total against the hosts in India, 350-7, with Jason Roy (73), Joe Root (78) and Ben Stokes (62) scoring half-centuries.
In reply, India were tottering at 63 for four when Kohli and Jadhav combined forces for a blazing counter attack that caught the England team unawares.
Kohli banks on bowlers to unsettle ‘fearless’ England
The 28-year-old skipper lived up to his epithet of 'King Kohli' as he smashed 8 fours and 5 sixes during his 105-ball stay at the crease.
The star batsman, who brought up his 27th ODI hundred with a six off Chris Woakes, batted with purpose to bring alive a capacity crowd at the Maharashtra Cricket Association stadium.
However, it was the lesser known Jadhav, who was the aggressor in the partnership putting the England attack to the sword.
Jadhav, who recorded his second ODI ton in just his 13th game, hit 12 fours and 4 sixes in his 76-ball knock.
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