The military coalition did not disclose the nationality of the soldiers killed in the attack, which highlights a worsening security situation a year after the NATO combat mission ended.
The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack near Bagram, the largest US military base in Afghanistan, during a joint patrol of NATO and Afghan forces.
"Six (NATO) service members died as a result of a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device attack," the US-led coalition said in a statement, adding that three others were wounded.
The bombing marks one of the deadliest attacks on foreign troops in Afghanistan this year and coincides with a fierce militant offensive to capture the strategic district of Sangin in Helmand province.
Local residents reported crippling food shortages in the district, long seen as a hornet's nest of insurgent activity, after the Taliban began storming government buildings on Sunday.
"The Taliban have captured the police headquarters, the governor's office as well as the intelligence agency building in Sangin," deputy Helmand governor Mohammad Jan Rasoolyar told AFP.
"Fighting is escalating in the district," he said, claiming the number of soldiers killed in clashes is "unbelievably high".
Rasoolyar's comments come a day after he posted a desperate plea on Facebook to President Ashraf Ghani, warning the entire province was at risk of falling to the Taliban.
The grim assessment bore striking similarities to the security situation that led to the brief fall of the northern city of Kunduz in September -- the biggest Taliban victory in 14 years of war.
Key Afghan province close to falling to Taliban: official
The fall of Helmand would deal another stinging blow to Afghan forces who have struggled to rein in the ascendant insurgency without the full backing of NATO forces.
The government in Kabul said reinforcements had been dispatched to Sangin, while strongly denying that the district was at risk of being captured.
Afghan soldiers adjust their equipment during a patrol of Helmand, on December 21, 2015. PHOTO: AFPBut trapped residents told AFP that roads to Sangin had been heavily mined by insurgents and exhausted soldiers besieged in government buildings were begging for food rations.
'Huge propaganda score'
All but two of Helmand's 14 districts are effectively controlled or heavily contested by Taliban insurgents, officials said.
Insurgents also recently overran Babaji, a suburb of the provincial capital Lashkar Gah, fuelling concern that the city could fall to the insurgents.
Highlighting the gravity of the situation, US special forces have been sent to Helmand in recent weeks to assist Afghan forces, a senior Western official told AFP without offering details.
Taliban suicide attack targets NATO convoy in Kabul
Sangin, a strategically important district at the centre of Afghanistan's lucrative opium trade, has been the scene of fierce fighting for years between the Taliban and NATO forces.
British troops fought deadly battles in Sangin for four years to little effect, before US marines replaced them in late 2010 and finally pulled out themselves last year.
"The Taliban onslaught in Sangin is not just a military gain but also a huge propaganda score for the insurgents," Kabul-based political analyst Haroon Mir told AFP.
Clashes as Taliban advance in embattled Afghan province
"The British and Americans bled to defend Sangin district and now Afghan forces are suffering the same fate."
This month marks a year since the US-led NATO mission in Afghanistan transitioned into an Afghan-led operation, with allied nations assisting in training local forces.
President Barack Obama in October announced that thousands of US troops would remain in Afghanistan past 2016, backpedalling on previous plans to reduce the force and acknowledging that Afghan forces are not ready to stand alone.
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