Saturday's attack in a bustling N'Djamena market by a man disguised as a woman in a full-face veil also injured 80 and spread panic across the city.
"This attack just confirms that a ban" on the full-face veil was justified, national police spokesperson Paul Manga said, adding that "it now must be respected more than ever by the entire population."
Read: Chad's ban on burqa divides Muslims
"Anyone who does not obey the law will be automatically arrested and brought to justice," he warned.
The bomber detonated his explosives belt when he was stopped for security checks at the entrance to the city's main market.
Muslim-majority Chad banned the full-face veil, ramped up security measures and bombed militant positions in Nigeria last month after the first ever Boko Haram attack in its capital.
Security was tightened across the dry and dusty capital on Sunday with police and soldiers deployed in all areas, including intersections, markets and mosques.
Read: China bans burqa in Muslim region of Xinjiang
Nine of the dead were women traders, and fear still permeated the market on Sunday.
"What was happening elsewhere and what we heard about from media reports is now happening here," said Zenaba, a woman trader in her forties.
"I'm really scared for me and my children," she said.
Boko Haram claimed responsibility on Twitter for the suicide bombing, signing off as "Islamic State, West Africa province" -- the militants' self-styled moniker since pledging allegiance to the Islamic State group in March.
Boko Haram's deadly insurgency has killed at least 15,000 people since 2009 and left more than 1.5 million homeless.
A four-nation coalition of Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon has reportedly pushed out the militants from captured towns and villages in an operation that began in February.
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