The main reason why the South Asian economies have become stalled is that they have run into political difficulties. Let us begin with India, not only the area’s largest economy but also a trendsetter in both politics and economics. For the Indians to reverse the recent growth trend which is pointing downwards, they need to find new drives that can take the economy forward. Those that delivered high rates of GDP increase were limited to relatively small segments of the country’s large population and to a few parts of the nation.
The country’s IT and modern health sectors, when combined with tourism, provided the resources for generating the momentum that drove forward the economy. New entrepreneurs with new ideas and with new global markets to tap rushed in when the reforms in the early 1990s pushed the state down from the commanding heights of the economy. The vacated space was quickly occupied by new and talented players. The contributions they made were celebrated by the American journalist Thomas Freidman in his bestselling book, The World is Flat.
However, unlike China’s growth spurt, the Indian move forward was not broad-based. India now has worsening income inequality, both personal and regional. This has created serious political problems. A country of India’s size needs to develop the sectors that could sustain growth by delivering its rewards to a larger proportion of the population and also to the country’s more backward regions. That needs political consensus for making the right public policy choices. That consensus is not there for the moment. There are enormous differences in the way the various parts of the political elite look at economic management.
For instance, the Gujarat leadership now vying for top positions in New Delhi would like the private sector to lead the way in all parts of the economy. For that to happen, the government must get out of the way. It should step in only when its assistance is needed by private enterprises. Such assistance could be provided in making it easier to acquire land to establish businesses and to remove the protection provided to workers. Laws on the books in both areas are the legacy of India’s socialist path. That such a strategy can work is demonstrated by the state leadership in making Gujarat one of the country’s more dynamic areas.
However, the leadership on the other side of the continent-sized country does not believe that the role of the state is the problem. Bengal, on the eastern side of the country, is governed by a leadership that strongly favours an active state. According to it, without the presence of such a state, the Indian economy cannot become ‘inclusive’. Without broadening the base of the economy and bringing into it the currently excluded people, sustainable growth is not possible.
Can these two very different points of view be brought into one politico-economic framework? For that to happen India will need strong leadership in New Delhi, one that has the confidence of the entire citizenry. Such a leadership is not in place at the moment and is not likely to emerge even after the elections of spring 2014. Good economic governance may need a fundamental restructuring of the political system.
Politics is also the reason for Pakistan’s long-lasting recession. The economy was hurt by a number of factors that were the consequence of the poor choices made by the political elite that governed for five years, from 2008 to 2013. Among these was poor quality of governance, the inability to deal with the rising tide of extremism and associated terrorism, and severe energy shortages. Judging by the results of the elections held on May 1, 2013, it appears that a strong mandate was given to the PML-N that now governs from both, Islamabad and Lahore. While the new leaders are well-engaged in trying to establish a viable system of accountability and easing the country’s financial problems, they still have to come up with a strategy to control domestic terrorism. The failure to do that will continue to hurt the economy since without the assurance of security, the community of investors will stay on the sidelines.
Could a national strategy be developed to address extremism or will that have to be left to the provincial and city governments? This is also a question about the structure of politics. In other words, South Asians may have to reflect on which way their political systems should go in order for the subcontinent to revive its economy.
Published in The Express Tribune, October 21st, 2013.
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COMMENTS (10)
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@Prakash The Indian governments inclusive policies are obviously not working or have been badly implemented as 500 million Indians sadly still live in grinding poverty.
@ Anjaan India and Pakistan have nothing in common? Are you serious?
Present government in India has taken many policy initiative to spread fruit of growth: food security, employment guarantee,loan waiver to power farmers, free education to name a few.So economic cycle of growth will eventually again pick up in India,as government intervention in public policy leading to inclusive growth and distributive justice enjoys primary focus.
First of all I have to ask why this man (one of the biggest Chamcha-ul-Haq back in the day of the dictator) keeps getting a forum to spout out his drivel. He must have some pictures in his possession which the editors of this otherwise excellent newspaper must not want made public.
The fundamental reason Pakistan is so far behind India in economic development is the fact that India had never had a military dictator while Pakistan has had four. India has built solid democratic institutions and is now in a position to weather economic downturns. Economy is after all cyclical and periodic downturns are as inevitable as night following day. A nation with solid democratic institutions is in a much better position to weather these challenges than a nation like Pakistan which has been in a fight with itself from the day it was created.
Burki typifies the Pakistani denial mindset. Since he was such an enthusiastic supporter of Zia-ul-Haq dictatorship, he is unwilling to accept that military dictatorships inevitably lead to economic strangulation. Burki and his ilk live in a cocoon of denial.
"Good economic governance may need a fundamental restructuring of the political system.". That's a strange statement. In order to fix economic governance issues, one doesn't have to do a fundamental restructuring of the political system. That the writer is looking at every country in the region through the prism of Pakistan's experiences is quite obvious. In India, we are quite happy with the political system as such. It caters to our needs to a good extent. What needs to be fixed is the delivery part of the system where it appears weak. This idea of doing a fundamental restructuring amounts to throwing the baby out of the tub along with the water.
All of South Asia is well placed to overcome economic challenges, except for Pakistan. Pakistan has absolutely no future till it keeps dithering about the terror challenge it faces and the consequences of inertia. Nepal too is politically polarized but has the capacity to come good if it promotes its neglected tourism sector. In Sri Lanka Rajapaksa is behaving like a modern day dictator, using a baton to squash dissent. India will depend on new age technologies to try and narrow the gap with the developed world. In Bangladesh Hasina's efforts to build a modern country faces resistance from the forces of obscurantism and fundamentalism -- Bangladesh has the will to overcome. Greater cooperation between SAARC members can help all the countries.
@Anjaan @F Please read the article properly! The author has highlighted the problems in both countries as being distinctively different but political in nature. A huge number of Indians are obsessed with leaving their comments on this Pakistani news website, so why shouldn't a Pakistani economic expert comment on India's economic problems? And yes, Pakistan is a part of South Asia or have you Indians forgotten 1947!
Having sought to be grouped with the Middle East, it is surprising to see Pakistanis conveniently hide their country's ills behind "South Asia". Unless the rulers and the ruled alike are willing to have peace at home, the economy cannot take off and cannot "belong" to any geographical group.