Pakistan consistently ranks amongst the highest in the world in terms of successive public corruption in successive Transparency International reports. Many pillars of the criminal justice system, particularly the police, tend to figure quite high at the top and are perceived as amongst the most corrupt departments. To be caught in the middle of courts and police stations has become a running joke in Pakistan. Illicit money is a major motivational factor for the police, and courts can be used as channels to ensure many disputes end in deadlock; these result in never-ending litigation, while defendants languish in police cells. Local leaders, who deploy patronage to resolve disputes outside the legal system, or help their constituents to negotiate the complex system, gain political stature and earn gratitude which they can trade for electoral loyalty.
This corrupt environment fosters injustice. Justice is a basic social need, but beyond the remedial mechanics of justice on society, it is very much a powerful human psychological need — perhaps, a basic one. Injustice, or lack of distributive social justice, frustrates many basic needs, such as the need for a positive social identity; when you treat a person with less respect, he will feel less worthy as part of that social set-up or vice versa. Justice increases your sense of effectiveness and control in a society, just as injustice decreases it. Simply put, prevailing injustice will not allow a person's actions to bring about deserved outcomes, which will breed frustration and a feeling of being a misfit within a social group or a system. Corruption is one of the biggest drivers of injustice in our society at the moment.
Corruption has a ripple effect on many things, even violence in society. When a society establishes itself on norms of 'have and have-nots', and endemic corruption is taken more or less as granted, there is acceptance of other norms as well. This leads to, and indeed has resulted in a stereotyping of, the less privileged in Pakistan. This stereotyping classifies the poor and the less privileged, or the less educated or landed, and has lent a mimetic quality to the very Pakistani culture of differentiating ‘them’ from ‘us’. This black and white stratification of Pakistani society encourages proneness to using violence against the have nots. For instance, the Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (SPARC) reported in 2012 that there had been, at least, 17 cases of violence against domestic child workers in Lahore since 2010. There may be hundreds more which go unreported. This is one of the polycentric effects of corruption leading to ill-deserved gains, leading to gaps in social justice, which feeds into the loop of violence and biases in society.
This may seem like blaming corruption for all the ills of society. Arguably, this may or may not be true. Poverty by itself is a major determinant of many ills in society, and not all poverty, or even the majority of it, stems from corruption alone. However, as a social scientist, I would argue that corruption feeds into a causal loop of poverty by increasing social distributive injustice, making it very difficult for a poor person without means to rise to a deserved position in life. Thus, corruption has its major effect not on poverty, but to the decreased prevalence or even absence of deserved rewards for poor people, who cannot pay easement or speed money to get things done. This makes it more difficult for them to gain positions of social and individual acceptability, thereby relegating them to what society perceives as lesser strata. This increases alienation and may lead to proneness to radicalise or even violence. Taking corruption for granted will have increasing deleterious repercussions for us unless we understand how broad the ramifications of this social evil are.
Published in The Express Tribune, April 14th, 2013.
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I think that people of Pakistan know it very well that there is corruption and injustice deeply rooted in the society over a period of time. It is high time to suggest cure for it. Justice has been chocked by the powerful and law kicked away thereby might has become right in this country. So every one is trying to snatch whatever he can according to the power he posses. In my opinion only economic prosperity can bring the corruption down. The economic development create jobs and engage the people in positive activities. Economic prosperity will result in high ratio of education. This will transform Pakistan into welfare state instead of security state.
Insightful op-ed as usual. I also agree that systemic affects of corruption are usually under-estimated by many observers in Pakistan itself, while even the outsiders with eye on multiple emerging markets continue to highlight the fact that with the current levels of corruption, state won't be able to make meaningful progress and some controls need to be put in place. We should start with illegitimate corruption and proceed to legitimized corruption (Ex: plots for generals and judges that are used for minting money rather than residential purposes).
You write " Justice is a basic social need, but beyond the remedial mechanics of justice on society, it is very much a powerful human psychological need — perhaps, a basic one." Justice is a basic pillar of Islam. However, most mullahs and rightwing leaders do not preach it as much as the other rituals. I agree with the author that corruption is in every sphere in not just Pakistan but most poor countries where there is a lack of justice. It is a fact when economic engine takes off it leaves the corruption far behind. However, we do not do justice with justice itself. We talk as if there was no corruption before the current rulers and only if there would be another man on the top corruption would disappear. As long as the society and people do not change no single person can make us honest and fair. Adulterated milk and fake baby medicines were made and sold before the last govt and would continue till we all make a change. In fact the corruption cancer would only going to get worse if we do not change ourselves. Those who talk about good old days when there was less corruption, should know it used to take decades to get a phone connection and passport was almost impossible to get without paying a lot.