The problem with this self-diagnosis is that we are mostly busy inflicting harm on ourselves. How can it be that Americans, Indians and Jews are causing us to become violent but our victims are innocent people? Extremism must have deeper and more convincing origins.
Violence is known to spring in primitive societies. This has compelled some sociologist to say that extremist personalities are usually possessed of low IQs. Pakistan has some level of literacy but here one must note that in 1947, when literacy was 17 per cent, people were more tolerant; today, with literacy at over 60 per cent, Pakistanis have embraced extremist views.
Literacy is a loaded concept. If education is ideologically slanted it may actually breed extremism. Paradox: one might have to abolish education in Pakistan to end extremism. The brainwash of nationalism breeds violent thinking and this applies to all nations, including the US, but not so much to the EU. Ideology may be founded on rejection of other ideologies and that may cause extreme behaviour.
Sociologists and shrinks say extremists are usually conservative, which means that they look at the present as an extension of the past. When you interpret an uncertain present in the light of a ‘certain’ past, you can be extreme in your rejection of the present. We know that the past is always interpreted in ‘definitely known’ categories by national historians.
Religion is based on certainty. It is certainty that breeds extremism and consequent violence. Europe went through this phase before it gave up on certainty and learnt relativism or self-doubt, which is another name for tolerance. Martin Luther (1483-1546), one of the founders of Reformation and Protestantism, made certainty the central pillar of his gospel-based faith.
This pushed him into extreme language when he rejected not so much the Pope — whom he called Anti-Christ — but his fellow Protestants of the Swiss Restoration in unprintable language. His diatribes against the Jews were shockingly unprintable, too. Today, Lutheran Christians are mild-mannered because they have had to bowdlerise their founder. But the extremism of the Restoration led to the Thirty Years War (1618–1648) of internecine Christianity. It ended in the Treaty of Westphalia, which made the European state permanently secular.
Extremism simplifies and reduces. To create group behaviour, reductionism has to be the central tenet. The state embraces it, otherwise it cannot construct its nationalist narrative. The religious man leans on it to retain the validity of his teaching.
Revolutions are born out of extremism and end in a lot of destruction. The religious man also promises revolution. Pakistani politicians with violence on their minds also promise ‘revolution by someone else’. Talibanisation in Pakistan is not a process invented by the Taliban. In fact, the Taliban may be embarrassed by the extremism of those who are supposed to fight them.
Restraint gave rise to civilisation and the modern state. Restraint is born out of uncertainty about the views one holds. From the Supreme Court — whom no one can question — to the common man, an abstention from certainty must be practised.
The modern state is pluralist. It means there are laws that protect the rights of all kinds of groups with clashing identities. But in the Muslim world, the religious state is in vogue. When Muslims struggle for democracy, they actually mean to create a religious state. And that means more extremism.
Published in The Express Tribune, August 5th, 2012.
COMMENTS (38)
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The article says something profound with a light touch. Quite right too, one thinks, one is never too sure!
Decided to comment without reading other comments, so as to not get influenced by them.
You've tried to put a lot in one article, so that could have been better. Having said that, your summary is (since the olympics are going on) worth a Gold medal.
Extremism to me, is at its core, a form of insecurity born from fear. Fear of the unknown is the utmost fear that human beings suffer from. What will happen to me when i am gone from this earth?
The answer to this question forms the basis of religion. When we follow any religion (which is essentially a cult of norms), all that we do, we do so that we can have a good time after we are gone.
The 'we' here gains focus. Its not enough for a person to do what is right, cause that would breed uncertainty again. It is necessary that society as a whole collectively acts in a manner so as to provide for a better afterlife.
Naturally, any divergence, is always met with intelorance and hate.
Secularism does not mean Atheism,it means respecting other's religion and way of life as much as your own.With Secularism you lose the power to exercise your (God sent)Authority and perceived superiority over others.You lose control over other's lives. You can't impose yourself on others. Our people simply love this power so much they are not willing to forgo it: religion provides the perfect excuse.
@Shahbaz Asif Tahir: how would an Islamic welfare state in Pakistan provide for its citizens and pay it's bills? What is the source of revenue?
Religions divide humans and create hatred whereas science and scientific inventions unite people and create a global community of mankind. Very very simple!!
If religion and state are not separated, there is no way to control extremism in the political context. But our philosophy is that religion (Deen) and state are intertwined. Allama Iqbal says: |Juda hho deen siyasat say, to reh gati hai changezi. Extremism is given further boost by our religious leaders, and some political leaders as well, who harbour the delusion that some kind of renaissance is sweeping the Muslim world! In these circumstances, while the world has moved on to embrace minority rights, and accorded human rights a high priority, we are still bogged down in dreams of revival of the former glory days of Islam, That our fanatics are only succeeding in killing their own people, is something they fail to realise. They have no intention to move out of ignorance, extremism and fanaticism. May Allah help them see reason, But the role of our greedy ruling elite during the past few decades is no less responsible for this state of affairs. They have buried their heads in sand and they remain occupied with serving their material interests. The best example is of our current elite, who are immune to the happenings in the country that include target killings, extortion, all kinds of wrongdoings and so on, and thereby help the fanatics recruit ordinary citizens to militant outfits.
Extremism is a product of economic instability in society. It has got nothing to do with religion. race or country . Every society has a seed of self destructive extremism. Seed will not germinate and become a tree if it is not nourished by collective insecurity triggered by poverty
Pen is mightier than sword...or should I say, Keyboard is mightier than sword. Brilliant stuff as usual!
All one has to remember is all man made Religion is born of extremism. God in general doesn’t want temples, mosques or anything for that matter. God only wants you to be good to each other and not kill each other. After that comes coexisting with each other;
An ancient saying (don’t know exactly when, where from whom this came):
“Philosophy is thinking about things we live with in this world”.
“Science is learning about things we live with in this world”.
“Religion is learning to live with things we live with in this world”.
Unfortunately, we as human race has failed in all three miserably and chances of us living by this credo seems abysmally small.
Brilliant write up. Even our text books and teachers teach us hate and intolerance.
Brilliant opinion. Democracy is bad for muslIms so let USA put liberal dictators in power and teach them a lession.
@Milestogo: Kindly name an instance in the contemporary world or even in the past where this "perfect" arrangement came to pass ??
As usual a great article. The reason why many want a democracy coupled with faith related laws is, because we do not talk about things openly that need to be changed in this 21st century. That includes old customs and flexibility in interpretation of texts in religious book.
@sabi: you got nothing to say, you have succumbed to it already. the thrill is gone baby.
wow wow wow! Excellent article. I have come up the similar observation while contempelating these issues. More literacy (i.e. with existing curriculum) in Pakistan will lead to more extremism.
Your view that “It is certainty that breeds extremism and consequent violence” cannot be generalized.
Religion demands certainty when it comes to tenets of emaan. It is absolute certainty about Allah Taala and the last day that becomes the basis of guidance. Guidance cannot lead to extreme behavior. It leads to patience, tolerance, compassion, kindness, wisdom, knowledge etc. All these are essential for development of a civilized society.
You view that “Restraint is born out of uncertainty about the views one holds” is it seems, really simple. Restraint can also be born out of wisdom, knowledge, patience, tolerance, and compassion. On one hand you are saying “Extremism simplifies and reduces” and on the other hand you are simplifying “rise to civilisation and the modern state”. You are using reductionism! What about the role of wisdom and knowledge?
I suggest a way to analyze your statements. Type “Guidance” and “Guide” separately to search the Quran and analyze the verses that come up. I suggest use the site www.quran.com. Once you shortlist the verses that tell why a person gets guidance and what is associated with guidance, I suggest you read the various tafsirs to get a consolidated picture about guidance and its impact on one’s life.
One trait that extremists of all kinds have in common is condemnation of all, other than their group members.
This is a very thought provoking piece of analysis of EXTREMISM.
It has broken down the concept of extremism into various categories . However, as can be seen , on reading the article many times over-----it offers no SOLUTIONS ?
Khaled sahib can not change the * extremist mind set* , he can at the most show the readers the various points and places at which extremism is illogical and counterproductive.
When we develop a warped outlook that all our wrong doing can be justified as a result of a certain stimulus, logic and reason are a sad casualty. How can we justify A killing B because C raped D ? I wish a cold shower could wash our Brains too.
Quite an educative article. Learnt some new things about Martin Luther. The observation and analysis about the answers given by a Muslim and a non-Muslim in Pakistan was interesting. In that context, just a question.... In India, a Hindu would say, he is an Indian first, whereas a Muslim, I am afraid, would hesitate. Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah was different though. Once, to a Muslim political follower (not sure, if that was Mahmoodabad) Jinnah insisted that he should consider himself first an Indian and then a Muslim.
The sooner we change the direction of our cash-hungry civil-military bueaucracy; the sooner we will change the direction of Pakistan and its history.
Perhaps the most sensible and rational opinion writer in all of Pakistan
A democracy where majority rules can easily be a religious state without wearing religion on sleeve as Hindu India, Jewish Israel or Christian western countries. It seems only Muslim countries can not have a democracy because their religion is "extremist","violent" and "terroristic". A bunch of 1.4 billion terrorists can not be "democratic" based on their religious principles.
Sharia is very difficult to implement. Once it is implemented its the best.
One must congratulate ET for such good articles.
@Farian:
Those who criticize the establishment of an Islamic welfare state in Pakistan, need to fear Allah Subhana, and the torment of a mighty day, whose length is 50,000 years, as stated in Surah Maarij (Holy Quran). May Allah Subhana give us the guidance to repent, from our desires.
You are getting more direct these days. You probably need to move elsewhere to continue sharing the light that you have seen.
@mods: Correction, please: Thank you for writing* another thought-provoking article.
Would it be wrong to conclude from your opinion that Islam or religion is breeding extrimism in Pakistan ?
Thank you for this article. I wish could see this perspective in Urdu press too. Might i suggest a translation to be published there too? Millions of masses are being fed with ignorance and bigotry in Urdu press and it would be a shame if we are unable to present them with an alternative view on the subject through the medium that they use to access information/knowledge.
Brilliantly argued Khalid! All the ills of religious extremism are in front of us through this European experience. As you alluded to the Treaty of Westphalia and the dawn of the European secular state, that very secularism was the building block of further strengthening the European renaissance and ultimately paving the way for the industrial revolution. I would suggest, Khalid, to perhaps write something on the phenomenon of Industrial Revolution. This would highlight how a rational thought detached from religious dogma can harness the science for the benefit of the ordinary masses. Industrial Revolution was perhaps the single most determinant of European supremacy in almost all fields of human endeavor. The fruits of that revolution are being enjoyed by almost everyone on this planet, be it an uneventful conversation through a cell phone call by a hawker in an obscure Pakistani city, to awe-inspiring amusement of a ride in a large airplane, to name a few. The things we take for granted are all built upon the scientific knowledge of mostly the industrial revolution scientists and pioneers, but not limited to that era however, as it was the culmination and crowning of the cumulative knowledge of the ancient Chinese, Indians, Persians and Arabs as well. Thank you for enriching our intellectual lives!
Regards,
Thanks khalid, salute u for writing about this root cause of extremism.
Khalid Ahmed, I respect you a lot but this article has really disappointed me.will later try to explain why.
You do have to take a pot shot at the Supreme Court. There is no limit to certainties when it comes to partisan polemics. So unfortunate ...
Thank you for writer another thought-provoking article. There are many parallels between pre-Reformation and Enlightenment Europe and the current state of Muslim world. Superstition thrives and persecution of unorthodox views common. People are voting to replace autocracy with theocracy, not knowing that the only difference is lack of facial hair with the former. People still look up to the religious leader of their sect for guidance instead of persons of learning and intellect. Promoting reason and common sense is considered heretical and sane voices are silenced. Young people, fed a diet of lies, damn lies, and forged history chase after the mirage of a golden age. We forget that if we do not learn from mistakes of the past, we're bound to repeat the same mistakes in the present and the future. With each passing day, it appears that the same mistakes will be made before we come to our senses. I just hope it does not take hundreds of years for sanity to prevail.
Thanks a lot Khaled Saheb for writing such a beautiful and thought provoking piece. I wish this peace of writing passes through the eyes of those who crave for 'Islami Falahi Riyasat' and implementation of 'Sharia'.