Obama’s election was a seminal event for America given that all but one of its 43 earlier presidents had been white Protestant males. The exception, John F Kennedy, was a white Catholic male! Even though Obama is a non-typical black, his election has partially healed the racial scar, which afflicts American society because of slavery and segregation. However, such discrimination is institutionalised in many forms, the most devastating of which is the manner in which American basic public education, the bedrock of human advancement, is financed.
Unlike most developed countries, large metropolitan areas in America consist of dozens of small cities, each of which finances its own elementary education systems through city-level property and sales taxes. Since property values and sales volumes are higher per capita in richer cities, they have much better public schools than poor cities where most blacks reside. While federal grants help close this gap somewhat, there remains a huge gap in educational quality across cities. Stuck in low-income school districts, black children do not have the same access to quality education as white children. Such educational disparities do not exist in most developed countries. Racial stratification also continues to occur in employment, housing, lending, and government in America, certainly less so than in countries like Pakistan and India, but more so than in other developed countries, which represent a better comparison base for a country like America.
Secondly, should absence of discrimination be the sole criterion for judging the greatness of a nation and if not, what should it be? In comparing countries, one must consider a broad range of factors instead of getting fixated on only one measure, such as discrimination. Some people may measure national greatness by scientific, economic and military prowess. For me, all these represent intermediate variables and the real criterion is actual final human outcomes. Such outcomes include the quality of life opportunities that a country provides to its own citizens as well as how it treats people in other societies. They are reflected in measures like the crime, poverty, economic inequality, life satisfaction, environmental pollution, gender equity, health and educational levels in a country. While America obviously does much better than countries like Pakistan and India in terms of the opportunities it provides its own citizens, it clearly lags behind Scandinavian countries, especially Sweden, along almost all these measures. Sweden also compares favourably and even does better than the US on many intermediate variables, like technological innovation, economic competitiveness, economic growth, inflation, budget and trade deficits and unemployment. Finally, Sweden also does not have the chequered record that countries like the US, Japan, Germany, the UK and France have had over the last 100 years in terms of mistreating other nations. Nor have Sweden and other Scandinavian countries faced the same economic turmoil recently as America and many other European countries did. Thus, personally, I would rate Sweden and other Scandinavian countries higher than the US as national role models. While these countries have higher tax rates than America, their superior social and economic performance validates their higher tax policies.
So, does this make Sweden the greatest nation in the world? Personally, I find such titles analytically meaningless and melodramatic.
Published in The Express Tribune, July 2nd, 2012.
COMMENTS (45)
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@Ahmed
'sure-pakistan has a lot to learn from USA and in the same way the US has a lot to learn from Sweden,'
You are quite modest in not claiming that the world can also learn a thing or two from Pakistan as well.
In the view of the US Human Rights Network, a network of scores of US civil rights and human rights organizations, "Discrimination permeates all aspects of life in the United States, and extends to all communities of color.; source: US Human Rights Network (2010-08). "The United States of America: Summary Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review". Universial Periodic Review Joint Reports: United States of America. p. 8.
From 1981 to 1997, the United States Department of Agriculture discriminated against tens of thousands of African American farmers, denying loans provided to white farmers in similar circumstances. The discrimination was the subject of the Pigford v. Glickman lawsuit brought by members of the National Black Farmers Association, which resulted in two settlement agreements of $1.25 billion in 1999 and of $1.15 billion in 2009Southall, Ashley (2010-05-25). Source: "Bias Payments Come Too Late for Some Farmers". The New York Times
@Altaf Hussain Why should size be a bar on the USA from improving its performance on equality, poverty , gender equity etc that the author mentions? if anything, being bigge rmeans that it has more resources to deaal with these issues. if small size was such a big advantage, then no big country should b able to progress and all small sized countries should be doing bettern than big ones; but clealry the example sof USA and now China and india show that actually big size is an advatnage since it gives you economies of scale
@Dan Strange argument-so if the author lives in the US, he does not have the right to criticize it? so, if someone lives in Pakistan or india or wherever they lose the right to criticize that country? my understanding of democracy is that citizens do have the right to criticize their govt policies--this is part of democracy. sure-pakistan has a lot to learn from USA and in the same way the US has a lot to learn from Sweden,
@kaalchakra: Sir ji, I too studied my Masters in Engineering from University of California, Berkeley Campus. That too, way back in 1985. I do know and understand the diferrence between the social dynamics of USA and Sweden. Neither do I consider the author to be an illeterate. The point I am trying to make is that you cannot compare two unequal entities, just the way you cannot compare the market sizes of say, India and Maldives.
America is the world and Americans are the Mankind.
@antanu g: Just like same no Muslim can become a president in US…claim, what it may as a secular nation
You have once again shown your ignorance,shallow information and most of all your biased opinion. Barack Obama is a muslim,though not a practicing one.But noone cared about his religion when they voted for him.
About India,We had muslim and christian chief ministers for states which had Hindu majority.and noone will mind if a muslim becomes a PM. Please dont teach us secularism.I dont think you're entitled to...
The author is talking about blacks not being provided opportunities.I'm not sure whether he's living in US or writing from Pakistan after reading few reports about the income based on racial identities...
My former manager was a black.He has a BMW convertible,$150,000 home.His kids were studying in a posh private school.
I do agree that before 1970s,blacks were ill treated,but not anymore.The basic fact is that in US,if you work hard,you will be rewarded despite of what race,religion,language or orientation you belong to.
Thats why u see Indian americans excel in Spelling bee and A Pakistani American owns a baseball team.
The fact,why many blacks are going to public school is that they are poor,not that they're being forced to attend such schools.Some of them study well and get good jobs and make their kids life better and some dont.There are many whites who go to the same public school as the blacks..
Dan, the author lives in the US. Antanu g lives in India. These people know the truth about non-Muslims because they live with them. We need to trust them.
Couldn’t help but noticing that the author is teaching (and hence residing) in US himself and in turn continues to rant about the US. Viva la hypocrisy.
USA is far from the social utopia but is leagues better than the situation in Pakistan. So instead of berating the US one should endeavor to learn things from them in order to strive towards betterment.
@AP
Obama is not the son of a slave.
He is the son of a white anglo saxon middle class american woman and a Kenyan elite.
@antanu g:
Wrong about muslim being PM in India.
Till about thirty years ago, many muslims in India looked upto Pakistan as their second home. Besides mullahs and orthodox segment of muslims held control of the votes. No muslim PM could have been fully free and secular in his duties towards nation as a sikh or christian could. Some like Arif Ali Khan tried but were pushed back by vote banks of muslims. Arif was still most most powerful minister of Rajeev gandhi cabinet holding industry and many other portfolio.
There has been a sea change since then and many muslims in all parties are participating in Indian public life. UP Legislature has a very large representation of muslims. I'll be very suprised if a muslim does not find himself leading the nation as PM in next couple of decades.But this time again, we'll need a muslim with secular credentials who does not hesitate in giving a fight to mullah crowd. Like Manmohan Siingh's being sikh did not matter, his being muslim also will not matter.
@antanu g
'In Pakistan no non-muslim can hold the top position (written)…in India no Muslim can be PM (non-written)…'
That which is 'written', is there for every one to see and comprehend.And that which is 'non-written' can only be a subject of conjencture at best and hazardous speculation at worst.
Pakistan is the greatest nation in the world..
@antanu g: I now understand why exPresident Musharraf said of us (Muslims): "Today we are the poorest, the most illiterate, the most backward, the most unhealthy, the most un-enlightened, the most deprived, and the weakest of all the human race" Are you surprised we are now looked in contempt in the West?
India and Pakistan are two brothers but choose the different and independent path for their ideology as well as development. India gives hope for much better future than Pakistan although in initial years of their separation it was Pakistan which was marching ahead and was cynosure of US, China and Gulf countries. But now you can very well sense the mood and opinion of world about Pakistan. Since we've moved so apart from one another in almost all the fields since 1947, it is futile to compare one another or for that matter bring the name of one along with other.
@ no one you're the man!!!
Of course. If america Allows it, all 200 million pakistanis will be in USA asking for citizenship.
No country is great in this world as time changes everything . Japan which is a role model from economic and cultural point of view , was a communist expansionist before . China , which was a great civilization , now grapples with social and political issues .USA which has no civilizational history , is a free and fare society today.European countries like Norway and Swwizerland which advocate human rights , court illegal money from every corner of world . Middle east countries which were at the zenith at one point of time , now has no moral values and puppet of others .India which produced Buddha and Gandhi in history also produces corrupt leaders .Islamic nations which were torch bearers in past , now torch bearers of voilence and extremism . Greek and Mongolia which produces Alex,the great and Timuzhen are almost unknown and unwanted countries .So instead of living in golden era , we should concentrate on present...............
@antanu g: If a Sikh can become PM of India, then why not a muslim? Pls elaborate your twisted theory that tells more about you than about India.
Altaph Hussain,
You are arguing as if the author were an illiterate. He is not, He even lives in the US - a political scientist at UC Berkely.
Well Obama's high chances of re-election have nothing to do with his race this time because the republicans have made a huge mistake by nominating Romney who is the cofounder of Bain capital. After the financial crises Mr. Bain capital would have not much chances to succeed as bankers and hi finance professionals are viewed as the sole responsible for millions of jobs lost in the financial crisis.
@Iqbal: status quo exists every where....written or non-written.In Pakistan no non-muslim can hold the top position (written)...in India no Muslim can be PM (non-written)...now who is better...one who makes its intention clear or else. And dont talk about PRESIDENTS in India...its the most useless position in the national hierarchy..it does not matter who owns it. Just like same no Muslim can become a president in US...claim, what it may as a secular nation
Strange that a comparision is being made between two unequal entities. America is a torch bearer in most fields, particularly in education, engineering research, medical procedures, financial oppurtunities, human rights, religious freedom, etc. and is four times bigger than even India in landmass, whereas Sweden is a small scandanavian entity that by definition is part of fjords, a land difficult for outsiders to survive. You can't compare a pair of coconuts with a pair of beetlenuts!
@ Reader, @ Imran Con; @ Indian Muslim: Thanks. I agree that some kind of majority rule might have existed in Greece and India. However it is not known if they ever had a written Constitution, something like the Magna Carta. My criteria was maximum effect for the maximum time. All present constitutions are the derivatives of 1000 year old Magna Carta. Hence England.
At present USA is the greatest nation on earth. And that is because as a big nation it is both strong, stable & wealthy. Unlike small nation-states of Scandinavia or even a city state like Singapore - USA is a continent sized country with a very large population.
Still it manages to have a very high standard of living with enough headroom for growth and further immigration of talented from across world.
What's more, the greatest nations aren't always the best welfare states. They are the ones which provide the maximum opportunity for its citizens and have a very stable & predictable system. Most european nations were monarchies just a couple of generations ago - USA has been a Democracy for 200+ years now.
@nandkishore et al.
Don't drink all that western cool aid. Democracy didn't originate in Greece or Britain. It has a long history in the subcontinent. The janapadas were republics that existed 3000 years ago. The cholas had a mixture of monarchy and democracy, with most societal,decisions made by vote (heard of Kudavolai system? - kudam is pot used as a ballot box, Olai-ballot made out of palm leaf). And Ashoka's edicts are regarded by many as the first human and animal rights constitution.
It is a pity that subcontinental history is ignored and destroyed in both India and Pakistan and we repeat history taught to us by our colonial masters like faithful parrots.
Pakistan deserves to to be among the greats (along with Saudi Arabia) because it has done more for Islam than any other nation on earth.
Pakistan, by law, bars infidels from leading the government. In fact, in Pakistan, it is not enough to be a Muslim, one has to be so certified by Pakistan's ruling elite.
East Pakistanis were deemed infidels or, at best, half Muslims. That is why Pakistan had to unleash its army upon the citizens of East Pakistan to reclaim the land for pure Muslims.
Today, Shias and Ahmadiyyas in Pakistan routinely get blown to smithereens inside their own mosques during jumma prayers because they too have not been certified to be Muslims by Pakistan's powerfuls.
Pakistan remains the citadel of Islam that it was founded to be.
Why do u have to coin Pak and India together in every sentence?? Two very different country, different society, different level of development, very different future. Just compare with Pak.. and check where we r standing. No need to drag india into everything, as in most cases they are hundred times better... typical mindset.
Very well argued. Personally, I find positive descriptions of and praise toward all countries other than Pakistan meaningless and unbecoming of people of refined taste.
Comparing USA with it's geographical size, population mix, chequered history, challenges faced, technological, political and economic muscle with the tiny artifical nanny-states of Scandinavia is preposterous!
@C. Nandkishore: England was not the mother of democracy. Greece was.
@bazwa ahmed khan: "Sweden is a country which hoards all the ill-gotton money of corrupt politicians of the world" Really? Or are you thinking of Switzerland?
Obama got elected of two reasons first Mr Bush wars second economy.
@Nandkishore- Democracy originated in Greece as well. Spread to other places during he Roman Empire
World is increasingly moving away from GDP as a measure of human well being,and nation's greatness. Instead a new concept Gross national happiness(GNH)index is rapidly gaining popularity as a more holistic way of guaging human well being .And in a recent UN report on GNH ,US was not even among the top ten,predictably scandinavian countries were top of the list.
Sweden is a country which hoards all the ill-gotton money of corrupt politicians of the world. It is small and its population is equal to our Karachi.
How about Bhutan which claims to have the highest Gross Happiness Index in the world ? After all we all need happiness in life more than anything else.
What is your point? America's greatness lies in being a land of opportunity, where individuals can rise to astonishing levels regardless of their socio-economic background; there are writers, actors, doctors, politicians and entrepreneurs from the dregs of society who are living proof that the system encourages the best to rise to the top, much more than, say, the system in India, or even in many European countries. It is also a country that was built on a set of fundamental principles which remain rock-solid even today; and has been blessed with visionary leadership right since a time when they were not even a pre-eminent power (best example is the Monroe doctrine - it stood the test of time for 200+ years). On the other hand, to find a better welfare system or even a more even foreign policy, you don't need to look as far as Scandinavia, even Canada will do. Further, while it may be true that African-American neighborhoods have less equipped schools, this is not because of any racial bias - if there are all-white neighborhoods with similar economic indicators (as I am sure you can find in the deep South), they would have the same conditions.
Great analysis. It is true that U.S. has come a far distance in terms of getting rid of racial discrimination from 100 years ago, but still a lot needs to be done to reduce racial segregation in education, social, and corporate spheres. As a whole, I think if U.S. was less busy with engaging in wars in far flung lands, it would be able to improve the quality of life for its citizens in a much more productive manner.
Scandinavian countries should be avoided in any comparisons about governance because of the collation of several unique characteristics which they possess: 1. Low population 2. Homogeneous population (except for a small percentage of naturalized citizens) 3. No external security concerns, because security for them is guaranteed by one of the several cliques in that continent. 4. High taxes
No serious country of the world can mimic the nanny states of scandinavia and expect to succeed.
Greatest nation cannot be judged for a small period of time. Greatness should be measured by the maximum effect on mankind over the maximum period. By this criteria only two countries standout: Ancient Greece and England. Greece by its number of philosophers whom we follow till today; England being the mother of democracy with the original Magna Carta.