Revisionist Iran’s military capability and implications

Iran’s use, export of its drones, missiles, its desire to acquire nuclear capability is worrisome for West Plus


Inam Ul Haque February 01, 2024
The writer is a retired major general and has an interest in International Relations and Political Sociology. He can be reached at tayyarinam@hotmail.com and tweets @20_Inam

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The fact that Iran’s’ Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC)-clergy combine is a revisionist dispensation keen to export its brand; is steeped in civilisational superiority; and maintains influence and deterrence through masterful use of proxies and occasional direct intervention in the region is unsettling, to say the least. Iran’s use and export of its drones and missiles and its desire to acquire nuclear capability is worrisome for the West Plus for quite some time. Iran’s own overreach as seen in the recent missile strike in Pakistan is not helpful either. Last week we discussed the likely motivation for Iran’s posture, with particular focus on Pakistan. This piece would piece together Tehran’s military system…command, control, strategy, and military capability per se.

Revolutionary Iran remains defiant, proud and extremely nationalistic. Historically, Iran has considered Central and South Asia, especially the Subcontinent, and parts of Arab Peninsula as its sphere of influence. The perceptual battle between the “uncouth” Arabia and the “sophisticated” ajam, faaris or Paaris (Persia) continues to this day. Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey), Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia) and Iranian Plateau (Iran) are three major geographic regions that converge on Syria-Iraq territory, the “Fertile Crescent” that has historically remained contested space. Therein all three — Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Iran — operate through regional allies: Ankara vying for ‘Turkish Middle East’; Saudis lacking geopolitical tools to dominate the entire region; leaving Iran, the only power with clearly articulated strategic vision and ambition, in the run.

In history, Iranian state has contested for a direct land access to Mediterranean Sea. The IRGC-clergy combine under the slain Gen Qasem Suleimani strategised this in recent times, propping Hezbollah in Lebanon, Houthis and Hamas in Arabia, and influence Syria and Iraq in what is called a “Shia Crescent”. Iran’s Grand Strategy thus seems domination of its area of influence including Mediterranean militarily and culturally and using religion. However, projecting power from Mediterranean springboard means neutralising Israel, and working against Saudi, GCC, Jordanian, Turkish and Russian interests not to mention the West Plus. And that remains tough asking.

So, Tehran finds deployment of hard and soft power (Shia Islam and militant proxies) as the main pillar of its Grand Strategy since Revolution (1979), being cost effective and efficient. Drawing both from the Soviet and US systems, and given Tehran’s resource limitations, experience of the Iran- Iraq war (1980-88) and unanticipated situational demands, Iranian military doctrine, adopted in 1992, avoids direct or extended conflict with superior conventional powers. The protracted ‘guiding influence’ of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei since 1989 provides the needed consistency.

The doctrine relies on atypical combination of conventional forces …a Western-style Islamic Republic of Iran Army (Artesh-e-Jomhouri-ye-Eslami-ye-Iran, or simply Artesh) and the ideologically reliable IRGC (Sepah-e-Pasdaran-e-Enghelab-e-Eslami or Pasdaran) — Pasdaran being the mainstay of its military system that controls the cherished missiles. As guardian of the Revolution and clear favourites over Artesh for their loyalty to the clerics, Pasdaran command Ground, Naval and Aerospace Forces, the Quds Force and Basij Militia alongside cyber, intelligence, counterintelligence and security forces, and the commercial conglomerate called Khatam-al-Anbiya.

Pasdaran exercise influence over Hezbollah in Lebanon; 313 Force, Liwa-al-Baqir and Quwat-al-Ridha in Syria; Hamas in Palestine; Badr organization, Asaib-Ahlel-Haq, Harkat-Hizbullah-al-Nujaba and Kataib Hizbullah in Iraq; Ansarullah (Houthis) in Yemen; al-Ashtar in Bahrain; Liwa-al-Fatemiyoun in Afghanistan and segments of Liwa-al-Zainabiyoun in Pakistan, enhancing Tehran’s psychological warfare, propaganda, and perception management potential. It also operates a variety of armed UAVs like Kaman, Mohajir, Shahed Series and Hamaseh; in addition to Zulfiqar, Fateh Mobin, Dezful, Hoveizeh, Qiam and Shahab Series (1,2,3 variants) missiles etc. Missiles constitute Iran’s core capability, hitting targets up to 2500 km. This is besides its cyberweapons.

The recent airstrikes into Iraq, Syria and Pakistan, analysts feel, were showcasing this capability with enhanced range, precision, and stealth. Its Idlib, Syrian attack that targeted ISK terrorists comprised one of its longest-range and most advanced missiles, the Khyber-Shikan. Unveiled in 2022, Khyber-Shikan a solid-propellant precision-guided missile can hit up to 1,450 kilometers (including Israel). And its warhead can maneuver using small aerodynamic fins, enabling it to evade ‘some’ traditional air defence (AD) systems. Its combat-testing is seen as messaging to Israel, as well as sale pitch for these missiles.

Russia has purchased thousands from Iran’s fleet of drones (and is now negotiating ballistic missiles also) for use in Ukraine. The continuous flow of funds and R&D have improved Iran’s missile and drone range, lethality, and complexity. Pasdaran develop missiles in parallel to Iran’s Ministry of Defense. Houthis use most, if not all, Iranian weaponry. They seem to have copied and improved Iran’s Paveh missile’s range from 1,650-2,000 km.

Drone-missile combination in good numbers can overwhelm any AD capability, as repeatedly seen over Saudi Arabia, Red Sea and recently over Israel. Moreover, firing costly AD weapons at inexpensive drones also escalates the cost of conflict, as experienced in Ukraine.

Iran’s estimated over 3,000 ballistic missiles, its increasing stockpile of cruise missiles make it a self-proclaimed missile power. Its ballistic missile programme grew from aging Scud missiles (acquired from Libya and North Korea) during 1980s into today’s satellite-guided, GPS-navigable, infrared-seeking precision weapons, spanning short and medium ranges. Some can strike targets as close as 20 km.

As per International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Tehran’s defence budget was 10th largest globally in 2022, with major chunk (41%) going to missile programmes, pivotal to its ‘aggressive’ defence doctrine. Iran has successfully positioned itself for the contactless future battlefield through its drone-missile-cyber capability. Its conventional arsenal of tanks and aircraft etc is, therefore, reportedly either aging or obsolete.

Iran’s recent bluster through training missiles at ‘frenemies’ is seen by diplomats and experts as a combination of venting anger, warning, deterrence, domestic chest-thumping and sales pitch to future customers. Iran’s Military Strategy of avoiding direct and extended conflict with superior powers — although suiting its strategic ambition, revolutionary goals and economic potential — has serious weaknesses. By employing asymmetric and unconventional capabilities, as cited, a sanctioned Iran risks over-extension and long-term sustenance. And this weakness generally forces Iran to back down in crises at the last moment.

Tehran’s force projection is also transient for sectarian colouring of its involvement and its intrusive nature. And these factors combine to lead Iran towards regional and international isolation, despite the righteousness of its cause(s)... like its stand against Israel’s genocidal war in Gaza.

Published in The Express Tribune, February 1st, 2024.

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COMMENTS (1)

Saleem Akhtar Malik | 9 months ago | Reply Iran s geostrategic reach In his revealing second article on Iran dated 1 February 2024 Major General Inam Ul Haque analyzes the Islamic Republic of Iran s military system giving details about its command control strategy and military capability. The author rightly considers Iran under the Ayatollahs a revisionist state an entity that instigates its followers to restore Iran s past glory embedded in its 2500 years of history when Cyrus the Great proclaimed the first Iranian empire with his capital at Persepolis sic. If Zionists could bask in the delusional glory of their past King David s Empire stretched from present-day Gaza in the south to parts of Mount Lebanon in the North an area of approximately 30 00o square kilometers or 11 500 miles why can t the Iranians The oil-rich Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia Yemen and the city-states dotting the southern and eastern fringes of the Arabian Peninsula have significant Shia populations all of them ruled by Sunni governments. Iran claims that this region was part of the ancient Persian Empire. If Iran had its way this entire region would become part of a Shia confederacy controlled by Tehran. From a larger perspective Iraq and Syria would also be absorbed into this confederacy. This is a modern power struggle based on ancient rivalries and prejudices. Let us now do some war-gaming on Iran. The most likely regional conflict in the Middle East can occur between Iran and Israel. With a very narrow national power differential in Israel s favour the two declared adversaries can fight it out among themselves till they are exhausted. Israel has a relatively bigger economy US 436 billion against Iran s US 366.44 billion at the end of 2023 . Due to US sanctions Iran s GDP has shrunk by almost US 100 billion during the last decade. Militarily Iran has a small edge over Israel. According to the Global Fire Power Index-2023 Iran with a power index of 0.2269 ranks 14th among 145 countries. Israel with a firepower index of 0.2596 ranks 17th. But Israel has another big advantage it is like Britain an American poodle. In addition whereas military power is in Iran s favour the level of science and technology favour Israel. The dispute on Iran s nuclear weapons programme dragged on for quite some time and it will be an illusion to think that somehow Iran will manage to buy time or circumvent the crisis. In the final analysis it will be the US not Israel which will confront Iran. This is amply proven during the ongoing Israel-Gaza War. The power differential between Saudi Arabia and Iran is also very narrow. Any future war between them will sap the potential and energies of the entire region and suck peripheral countries like Israel and Pakistan into the conflict. Saleem Akhtar Malik 2 February 2024
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