The court in Istanbul found Dr Bulent Sik guilty of "disclosing classified information" to newspaper Cumhuriyet last year.
He published the results of a study carried out with other scientists for the Ministry of Health between 2011 and 2015 that linked the presence of toxicity in soil, water and food to high rates of cancer in several western provinces.
He approached the press after realising that the government was not acting on the study's findings, according to Amnesty International.
"Rather than suppressing the findings and prosecuting Dr Sik, the Ministry of Health and other relevant authorities should be taking the necessary urgent action to tackle this environmental pollution and protect public health," said Amnesty's Turkey campaigner Milena Buyum ahead of the verdict.
1/ Appalled that @bulentilgaz was convicted of one of the three charges he faced and received a 15 months prison sentence for 'disclosure of confidential information in respect of a duty'. He should have been acquitted of all the charges. https://t.co/QenEcH1xkp
— Milena Büyüm 🍉 (@MilenaBuyum) September 26, 2019
She said Amnesty would consider Dr Sik a prisoner of conscience if he was jailed.
Dr Sik had faced up to 12 years in prison, but the court found him not guilty of "obtaining classified information".
He remained free on Thursday pending an appeal.
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