The vote was triggered by hardline Brexit supporters in her Conservative party who despise the deal she struck with the EU last month.
Theresa May's ministers trigger confidence vote plunging Brexit in chaos
"The result of the ballot held this evening is that the parliamentary party does have confidence in Theresa May as leader," said Graham Brady, who chairs the committee of backbench MPs that oversaw the vote.
The result leaves May, who won a majority of 83, weakened but immune from a further internal challenge for a year.
However, she only achieved her colleagues' backing after making a last-minute pledge ahead of voting to step down before the next scheduled election in 2022.
British-Pakistani Sajid Javid among top contenders for UK PM spot
Earlier on Wednesday, the embattled leader had vowed to fight the attempt to remove her "with everything I've got".
She warned that her ouster would have sparked a leadership contest that could have derailed Britain's departure from the bloc on March 29.
The pound solidified gains through Wednesday following the result.
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