Gonen Segev, who served as energy and infrastructure minister from 1995 to 1996, is charged with "espionage against the state of Israel, assisting the enemy in time of war and passing information with the intention of harming state security."
Journalists were excluded from the hearing, which was held behind closed doors at Jerusalem district court, an AFP correspondent reported. Most of the detailed charge sheet has been redacted in its published version.
The brief hearing saw the charges read out to Segev, lawyers said, and the case was adjourned until September, without a precise date set.
Prosecutor Geula Cohen stressed to journalists outside the court the "seriousness of this case implicating a former minister accused of spying on behalf of Israel's main enemy."
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Segev's defence lawyers have previously alleged that the few details made public so far have given a misleading impression.
Lawyer Moshe Mazor told journalists Thursday he could not discuss details due to the state-imposed censorship surrounding the case, but added that he hoped "this affair will regain its proper proportions by the end of the proceedings."
Segev is accused of providing Iran with "information related to the energy market, security sites in Israel, buildings and officials in political and security bodies, and more" while he was living in Nigeria between 2012 and his arrest at Israel's Ben Gurion airport in May this year.
He is accused of travelling to Iran to meet his minders.
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Segev, who served in the Labour government of prime minister Yitzhak Rabin after defecting from the far right to cast the decisive vote in favour of the Oslo II agreement with the Palestinians, has previously served prison time on criminal charges.
In 2004 he was charged with trying to smuggle 30,000 ecstasy pills into Israel from the Netherlands, using a diplomatic passport with a falsified expiry date.
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The following year he admitted the charges as part of a plea bargain agreement.
He has also been convicted of attempted credit card fraud.
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