The blast hit the Qala-e Fatehullah area of the city, near the Hussainya mosque, and came with security forces on alert for possible attacks during Ashura, the holiest celebration in the Shia religious calendar.
Six dead in suicide attack near Shiite mosque in Kabul: police
The explosion happened as worshippers were leaving a mosque in the north of the city after Friday prayers.
Islamic State militants have repeatedly targeted the minority Shia community in recent years.
There had been fears they would strike again as Shia prepare to commemorate Ashura, which falls this weekend and is the most important Shia observance.
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