Dmitry Baksheev, 35, and his wife Natalia, 42, were arrested in the southern region of Krasnodar, Independent reported.
The phone, which contained several images of a man posing with a dismembered female victim, was found on the street in Krasnodar earlier this month.
The remains of a woman were found in a bag in the military academy where Baksheev worked the following day, Russian state news agency RIA Novosti reported.
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The couple lives in the Military Aviation Academy, owned by the Russian Defence Ministry, where they both work as support staff.
At first Baksheev denied killing the woman, claiming he had found the remains and taking photographs of himself with them before losing the phone but later admitted the murder along with another in 2012.
His wife reportedly later admitted murdering 30 people since 1999.
The couple reportedly drugged their victims with a substance called Corvalol to subdue them before killing them. Their apartment reportedly smelt of the drug.
Police discovered eight frozen body parts and flayed skin at the couple’s home along with 19 remains of human skin and a cache of footage called “video lessons for cannibals” and images.
One image, dated 29 December 1999, appears to show a human head served as “Christmas dinner”.
A source told RIA Novosti that "at the moment, law enforcement had discovered a glass jar with a canned hand".
A fellow worker at the academy said: “Each time we tried to enter their room, they started wild shouting and crying. Natalia is a scandalous woman, aggressive, so we did not risk it."
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Russian officials confirmed they were investigating the case, saying the initial investigation is into the death of one woman, but declined to comment further.
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