LOS ANGELES:
Streaming has rapidly transformed the music industry and if there is to be a single moment to confirm the format's arrival, it may be the upcoming Grammy Awards.
The music industry's most prestigious awards, which take place Sunday in a star-studded gala in Los Angeles, this year for the first time considered releases that were only streamed online.
The biggest beneficiary has been Chance the Rapper, whose Coloring Book came out in May only by streaming - first through Apple Music and then on other services including the most popular one, Spotify.
The 23-year-old, known for incorporating gospel elements into hip-hop, is in the running for seven Grammys including Best New Artist.
The Chicago artist insists he doesn't plan ever to sell his songs. His music giveaways have become part of a social media strategy, with touring his primary source of revenue.
"There's so many ways that music moves around now. I feel like trying to fit it into a for-sale album is kind of obsolete now," he told television host Jimmy Fallon on The Tonight Show. "It gives me more space to create and put out stuff."
Streaming has brought new optimism to executives of the music industry, which has witnessed its first healthy growth figures since the start of the internet era.
In the United States, the world's biggest music market, subscriptions to music streaming services more than doubled in 2016 alone, according to analytical firm BuzzAngle Music.
Larry Miller, director of the music business program at New York University's Steinhardt School, said the change by the Recording Academy, the tradition-bound institution that administers the Grammys, would likely lead to more streaming exclusives in the future.
"It's certainly not the first and probably not the last but it is perhaps one of the most important validating statements about the emergence, and maybe domination, of streaming as the way that many, if not most, people are finding and listening to music," he said.
The three top-selling albums last year in the United States, which are all up for the prestigious Album of the Year Grammy, show the diversity of strategies on streaming.
Beyonce, who leads the Grammys with nine nominations, sprung her previously unannounced album Lemonade onto Tidal, the upstart streaming service led by her husband Jay Z.
Beyonce started selling Lemonade on iTunes a day later and within two weeks put it out on CD - but has not streamed it on Tidal's rivals.
Toronto rapper Drake released Views through Apple for a two-week exclusive period - a triumph for the tech giant as it promotes its young streaming service - before sharing it with other platforms.
However, English balladeer Adele released 25 - the top-selling album in recent years - only through CDs, vinyl and digital downloads. It started streaming seven months later.
Miller said Adele's move made commercial sense for a singer of her broad popularity.
"But that is not a release strategy that can be undertaken by more than a couple of artists who have enormous global, older and moneyed fan bases," he said.
Pop superstar Taylor Swift, whose 1989 is the reigning Album of the Year, also resisted streaming initially and waged a campaign against Spotify.
She is not alone in her criticism. While the number of artists to boycott streaming has dwindled, many complain that the payback is paltry except for mega-stars.
Some artists have seen streaming's possibilities and experienced its pitfalls. Acclaimed hip-hop artist Frank Ocean fulfilled a label contract when he streamed a loosely defined visual work on Apple Music - and a day later, independently, released his long-awaited second studio album, Blonde.
The audacious move reportedly outraged Lucian Grainge, the head of largest music label group Universal, who was said to ban future exclusives.
Kanye West, who is up for eight Grammys, declared The Life of Pablo to be a new type of release - a "living album", which he fine-tuned even after its release on Tidal.
But Tidal did not report its data, meaning The Life of Pablo only entered the charts once the celebrity rapper released it more widely.
One major streaming critic - late pop icon Prince, whose music only appears on Tidal - looks to be headed to other services. Spotify has been running teasing Grammy advertisements in Prince's signature color purple.
Have something to add to the story? Share it in the comments below.
COMMENTS
Comments are moderated and generally will be posted if they are on-topic and not abusive.
For more information, please see our Comments FAQ