Binali Yildirim, who replaced Ahmet Davutoglu as prime minister last week, was backed by 315 parliamentarians while 138 voted against, parliament speaker Ismail Kahraman said after the ballot.
Yildirim described his new administration as "the government of 79 million Turks" in a short speech to parliament following the vote, promising to "take democracy even further".
PM departs for Turkey to seek Erdogan's advice
The new government takes office amid opposition accusations that Erdogan is attempting to rule like a dictator by enhancing his own power.
The riling AKP party will now seek a "mini-revision" to the constitution that would allow Erdogan to become a "party-affiliated president" instead of remaining non-partisan.
Yildirim, 60, has also made no secret of his enthusiasm for a system change in Turkey that would restrict the powers of the prime minister and bolster the presidency.
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