Pakistan is confronting an alarming water scarcity crisis that threatens the nation’s agricultural productivity and overall economic stability. According to the Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, the country crossed the “water stress line” in 1990 and the “water scarcity line” in 2005. Current projections indicate that Pakistan could face absolute water scarcity by 2025 if immediate measures are not taken.
Agriculture, which accounts for approximately 19% of Pakistan’s GDP and employs 42% of the labour force, is heavily dependent on water resources. The Indus River system, supplying about 90% of the country’s irrigation needs, is under immense pressure due to over-extraction and inefficient usage. The Food and Agriculture Organization reports that Pakistan’s water intensity rate — the amount of water used per unit of GDP — is the highest in the world, indicating unsustainable water use practices.
To avert this crisis, it is imperative to implement comprehensive water management strategies. Investing in modern irrigation techniques, such as drip and sprinkler systems, can enhance water use efficiency in agriculture. Additionally, constructing new reservoirs and repairing existing ones will improve water storage capacity. Urban water conservation measures, including the treatment and reuse of wastewater, should be prioritised to reduce the burden on freshwater sources.
Public awareness campaigns are essential to educate citizens about the importance of water conservation. Encouraging community participation in water management initiatives can foster a sense of responsibility and collective action towards sustainable water use. Addressing Pakistan’s water scarcity requires immediate and coordinated efforts from the government, private sector and civil society to ensure water security for future generations.
Noor-ul Ain
Rawalpindi
